| After Liberation, the leaders of Chinese Communist Party analyzed the social circumstances to use the methods of class struggle and concluded that the remnant of Kuomintang forces, the secret agents, the bandits and other enemies still existed in the PRC and would be to engage in sabotage and create disturbances at any time. According to the fragility of the situation and the limited resources as well, the CCP made a choice of stabling social order at first. In the first year or so, CCP had constructed all kinds of masses organizations, e.g. trade union, farmers association, women alliance, youth organization and the meetings of representatives from all social sectors etc, to help government to solve various actual questions. Moreover, CCP had developed political education on the new ideology of distinguishing everyone’s own role of class. Plenty of defeated and scattered soldiers and refugees were sent back their home. The bandits and spies undermining the social order were eliminated. And all provided social conditions to wipe out various kinds of Counter-Revolutionaries. After the outbreak of the Korean War, bandits and spies behaved more frequently, people became more and more upset. And, it raised the leaders’ awareness of the enemy about the situations. To eliminate various kinds of enemy, the leaders had launched the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement, which was not only the problem that CCP had continuously prepared to do, but also an actual consideration to stabilize the war behind.In the movement, the counter-revolutionaries were divided into three layers, the outer, the middle, inner layers, the outer layer refers to the counter-revolutionaries lying low in society, the middle layer refers to counter-revolutionaries lying low in army units and government organizations, the inner layer refers to counter-revolutionaries lying low in CCP. For the different layer, the adopted model of repression was according different. To sweep clean the counter-revolutionaries in the outer layer should be given wide publicity, various kind of propaganda and mobilization action had been taken to ask people to support and join the political movement. To sweep clean the counter-revolutionaries in the middle and inner layer should be screened in the form of rectification. At the beginning of the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement, the Central Committee had criticized some repression as loosely as to indulge some counter-revolutionaries in order to motivate officials to strengthen the repression efforts. The suppressed aims and degrees, however, were ambiguous in some area; and due to some reason, repression in some urban areas was comparatively backward than that in rural areas. February21 1951, the Punishment Regulations of the PRC Counter-revolutionary was promulgated, and it gave detailed policy of repression to all kinds of people and provided standard of sentence. Mao Testung asked officials to regularly report the information about repression what they had done. He checked and conveyed the report to other officials to guide them what to do it next. In order to make personages from all circles support and take part in the movement, various kinds of propaganda and mobilization were organized by various units and mass organization in all around the country. Hence it made the Suppression Counter-revolutionaries movement move towards its climax.After the Double Ten Indicator was issued, the officials of three parts of Jiangsu province reviewed and criticized the defect in the early period of the suppression of counterrevolutionary and arranged layout of political movement. They prepared to investigate the lists of various kinds of counterrevolutionaries and to launch suppression campaign. After Liberation, CCP had thought that it would take a relatively extended period to launched Agrarian Reform movement in order to reduce the mistake and social repercussions. The policy and the discipline were abode by during the periods of the experimental stage and spread of agrarian reform movement. But some landlords complained of the deprivation of land and property and grew resisted action. Some official didn’t satisfied with the constraints of the policy and discipline. After the Movement of Resisting U.S Aggression and Aiding Korea were launched, the East China Bureau decided to complete the Agrarian Reform movement ahead of planned time. The repression action was strengthened so as to boost procession of it. So some of landlords were usually beaten and sworn when the peasants were mobilized to struggle to landlord. The rural was reclaimed in the process of dealing with various people in the movement.After the Punishment Regulations of the PRC Counter-revolutionary was issued, the focus of repression activity was transformed from rural areas to the urban areas. In order to make the movement well known to everyone to create an atmosphere of support repression all kinds of propaganda and mobilization action were organized in urban areas. The bandits and the secret agents were overwhelmed to safeguard social order. But Central Committee of the CCP leaders weren’t satisfied with the efforts of the repression, they asked Nanjing’s leaders to expand counterinsurgency efforts. The Suppression Counter-revolutionaries movement and the Campaign to resist U.S aggression and aid Korea and the Movement of land reform were launched together. The members of KMT, San Min Youth Crops and secret agents were claimed to be registered, various kinds of propaganda action and mobilization campaign were held up to support and participate in the movement, the repressions were taken. The suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement moved towards climax after the second public meeting of representatives in Nanjing city. During the periods of the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement, Nanjing government had taken back the educational institutions and the medical institutions which were possessed by foreign religious organization and had expelled some foreigners from China such as Li Peili on representation of Pope out of china in combining the Campaign to resist U.S aggression and Aid Korea and the Religious reform movement.The Punishment Regulations of the PRC Counter-revolutionary provided standard of sentencing criterions of repression action. Some Counter-Revolutionaries were penalized because of their experience before Liberation according to the principles of retrospecting past experience and application by analogy. These principle provided standard of judging for ordinary people. According to the standard on popular indignation, debt of blood and the digital tasks, plenty of Counter-Revolutionaries were penalized to be executed or to be sentenced imprisonment, or to be sentenced the control punishment during the period of the political movement. The central committee of CCP leaders put forward the principle to strike surely, accurately and relentlessly in suppressing the counterrevolutionaries. Due to some factors, e.g. the pressure of the atmosphere of the political movement, some ambiguous repression standards and the official’s vocational level etc, they would lead to some mistaken action of indiscriminate arresting and unjustified penalties during the periods of repression. During the periods of the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement, some people showed sympathy with the punished men because of friends or relatives and so on. According to its ideology, the CPC established a set of explanations and produced many propaganda products. By newspapers, periodicals and other propaganda network composed of plenty of propagandists, those explanations transferred to the lowest of the society country. Plenty of complaints to criticize and scold the counterrevolutionaries were organized in order to make atmosphere to support suppression. Personages of all circles were asked to make clear distinction between the people and the enemy when they were mobilized to take part in the movement.After the repression was carried out all around the counter, there were so many counterrevolutionaries to be arrested, to be executed and to be sentenced that a great many cases were accumulated and a large number of prisoners were taken into custody. Some doubt voice appeared in the society. The central committee of the CPC held the third meeting of the National public security ahead of schedule in order to adjust the political movement. The meeting decided that the power to sanction arrest should revert to prefectural authorities and the power to sanction execution should revert to provincial authorities in all location across the country from June, the number of counterrevolutionaries to be killed should be kept within certain proportions. It was asked to clear the accumulated cases and to organize prisoners in custody to carry out labor reform and control activities in order to consolidate the early achievement. After the meeting, arrest and repression reduced, Jiangsu province organized prisoners in custody to carry out labor reform and control activities. It was gradually formed the institution about labor reform and control activities. Plenty of public security committees were organized all over the country. They were led by the leaders and government. And their operational action had been safeguarding the security order and had been cooperating the various action of the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement were directed by public security bureau.The key target was transformed to clean up the counterrevolutionaries hidden in the government units after the Third Meeting of the National Security. The Central Committee of the CPC of China promulgated the Directive on Cleanup the Counterrevolutionaries Hidden in the middle layer and inner layer on May,21,1951. It was asked to plan preliminary screening in the form of rectification that would be conducted in summer and autumn in 1951 among all the personnel who had been retained since liberation and among the intellectuals drawn into government units. The procedure of screening counterrevolutionaries hidden in the middle and inner layers were as following:to study documents on the suppression of counter-revolutionaries; then, call on those whose records were questionable to adopt a sincere and honest attitude to give clear account of their history; then, their date to be checked by leaders and related authority; at last, counterrevolutionaries would be differently treated or punished. Actually the activities of screening counterrevolutionaries lasted for a long time, and it was combined with other political movements, such as the Democratic Reform movement in the industrial and mining enterprises, Judicial Reform in the judiciary and Thought Transform of intellectuals. Accompany the check and clearness on individuals, the government units, masses organizations and the enterprise and other units got a system change. The CCP had developed their members in number because of operational need during the time of before and after Liberation. The CPC clean up their self-organization on the movement of consolidating and building the Party during the periods of the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement. Political education campaigns were taken in order to make party members and activists to understand the theory and history of the Party, the personal history of party members were examined and verified. It was neglected that the work conditions of Underground party members were different from those after liberation, and some of them were unfairly treated because their experience before Liberation were misunderstood. Some of the democratic party members were arrested and sentenced or executed because of their experiences before Liberation. The leaders of CPC took some measures to give consideration to democratic members after had found the excesses in the political movement, and promoted the democratic parties to examine and cleanup themselves. The democratic parties supported the CPC and attended every kind of activity. Thus they transformed their political line and reformed their organizations in the political movement.After the movement’s contraction, adjustment and consolidation the Fourth National public security conference convened. It analyzed to what degree of suppression had finished. It thought that the areas that the agrarian reform hadn’t completed, areas of lakes and marshes, remote communities and the border and coastal areas were the area that repression was not enough, and the backbone of KMT, San Min Youth Corps, special agents and the leaders of superstitious sects and secret societies to be put down was not enough in some new liberated area. It decided to continue the repression and combined other practical works and other political movement. But the repression actions were held up for the procedure of Movement of Combating the Three Evils and Five Evils. Then, on The Fifth National public security conference it decided to complete the repression task that had been scheduled, and to ban reactionary secret societies and suppression the counterrevolutionaries hidden in water area. In the course of banning reactionary secret, the leaders of superstitious sects and secret societies were arrested and the members were to be registered. Deception means that be used to play by them was exposed, and common members of superstitious sects and secret and societies were asked to get out of the organization of them. It wiped out blind area of the repression that had been left out in the earlier stage. It stroke the criminal activity on the territorial waters, arrested the missed counterrevolutionaries, and reinforced the management on the boat people and the fishermen.The leaders of the CPC launched the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Movement to eliminate various kinds of counter-revolutionaries who were regard as real or potential threat to the new state on the background of the war of Resisting USA’s Aggression and Aiding Korea. After the different stage and different emphasis of repression actions, plenty of Counterrevolutionaries hidden in society were penalized, Counterrevolutionaries hidden in the government units were cleaned up, new state consolidated the regime and established new social order. |
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