Which Hierarchies Can Be Morally Justified?

This thesis concerns about “Which Chadeng are justified?” In Preface the author excludes Jieji and inequality between male and female. Both are bad hierarchies. Chapter One clears out the content and the extent of Chadeng. And Chadeng’s normative content is also clear. It is similar to equality’s. Both are concerned about “living creature’s life, freedom and happiness”. Not all hierarchies are justified. Only three types of Chadeng, Qinqin, are justified.To justify these three types of Chadeng, the author provides two arguments. One is against equality, the other is for Chadeng. In first argument, the author argues that Rawls’ view of equality with exclusion of inequality(including Chadeng) isn’t backed by any sound argument. So if someone would still commit to the view, then he makes a mistake. Then the author argues that Walzer’s view of complex equalities are limited by the western culture and could be criticized by Qinqin and Zunzun. Of course, this criterion relies on whether Qinqin and Zunzun would be justified. This will be done in the second argument.Qinqin can be divided three types. The author justifies the Qinqin based on the age of year. This justification includes three parts: moral, rational and cultural. Moral justification relies on the centre idea of the moral achievements growing with the age growing. Rational justification relies on the centre idea of hierarchal ritual bringing out the outcome of economic equality. Culture justification add the cultural content to the 2 former justifications. Xianxian has two kinds of Chadeng. One is about morality, the other is about the talents. Moral Xianxian cannot be provided by any moral justification because it is morality. But we can expounds the necessity of moral Xianxian for any human society. In contrast, Xianxian of talents must be justified by any arguments. There are 2 arguments for it. The first argument is based on the free choice of people. The second argument is based on the consequent of the people’s talents. Zunzun also has three types. Political Zunzun is justified in the article. One type of political Zunzun is the political authority which can be justified by Hobbesian arguments in Xunzi. The other type of political Zunzun is based on the political authority. It is justified by the justification of the political authority.Based on the justified Qinqin, Xianxian and Zunzun, the author construct the social ideal of complex Chadeng. Its justification has three pillars. The first is that the value of equality without exclusivity of any justified Chadeng is important for any human society. Secondly, the ideal existed in the small model of complex Chadeng society——the institution of Keju. Thirdly, the society of complex Chadeng is Qinqin, Xianxian and Zunzun’s society.