| Study on the ecological mechanism of color morph differentiation of species of peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) from environment (temperature and UV-radiation), intraspecificcompetition and interspecific competition, predators control, first of all, the development,reproduction, and life table of the two color morph pea aphid were studied (Acyrthosiphonpiusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, meanwhile, studied onbiological characteristics of different color morphs of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum).Secondly, the intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphid wereexplored. At last, the selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata(Goeze) on red and green color morph pea aphid were conducted by the method of Zhoujizhong, the following results were obtained by the above test.1. Biological characteristics and life table of the experimental population of pea aphid(Acyrthosiphon pisum) in fresh plantThe study of the development, reproduction, and life table of the two color morph peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon piusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, the resultshowed that the high temperature led to increase the mortality rate and inhibit the growth anddevelopment of the two color morph, the pea aphid could not develop to adult at32℃. Thenet reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph of pea aphidincreased with increasing temperature at ranged from12to20℃, and the net reproductionrate (R0) of the red color morph higher than the green color morph at12to20℃, andsignificantly higher than the green color morph at16and20℃(P＜0.05). At24℃, the netreproduction rate (R0) of red color morph significantly decreased and the net reproduction rate(R0) of green color morph significantly increased (P＜0.05), the net reproduction rate (R0) ofred color morph lower significantly than the green color morph at24℃(P＜0.05). Until28℃, the net reproduction rate (R0) of two color morph both significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph increased with increasingtemperature at12℃～24℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph lowerthan the green color morph at only16℃(P＜0.05), the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of thered color morph had no significant differences than green color morph at other threetemperature(P＞0.05). Until28℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph significantly lower than green color morph (P＜0.05). It indicated that the red color morphhas great adaptable ability at lower temperature and the green color morph has great adaptableability at higher temperature.2. Effect of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics of different color morphs ofpea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)In order to clarify the obvious effects of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics ofdifferent color morphs of pea aphid themselve, and the responses were relative to varieties ofalfalfa and temperature. At the16℃, UV-radiation had lesser effects on the growth durationand mass and MRGR of the red and green color morphs on Gannong3(P＞0.05), at the20℃,delayed the development duration and reduced the MRGR of red color morph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), but had lesser effect on the mass of red color morph on Gannong3(P＞0.05), andat24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of green colormorph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), while at16℃, UV-B radiation had delayed the developmentduration and reduced the mass and MRGR of red color morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05), but at20℃and24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of greencolor morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05). The objective of the paper was to study the influenceof different UV-radiation time(1，2，4，6，8，10h) on the offspring of red and green morphsof pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Therefore, the results showed that the effects ofUV-B radiation on pea aphid is inherited; Exposure to relatively short duration of UV-Bradiation(1,2h) can only accelerate the development rate of red color morph on Gannong3,while exposure to relatively long time(10h) of UV-B radiation can reduce development ofboth color morphs on Gannong3and Gannong5, and the green color morph is more sensitiveto UV-B radiation than red color morph, the responses of two color morphs for UV-radiationrespectively were relative to varieties of alfalfa.The effect of the growth, development and reproduction of two color morph of pea aphidwere evaluated by the different UV-B time(10min、20min、30min、40min)for twosuccessive generations, the results show that the developmental duration of F1and F2generation significantly longer than the same color morph control (P＜0.05), the developmentduration of F2generation longer than F1generation at same UV-radiation time, and the F2 generation of two color morph pea aphid can’t produce. The survive rate and fecundity slowlydecreased with increasing UV-radiation time, it indicated that the successive UV-radiationmay be caused the damage superposition, delayed growth and development, and the pea aphidcan’t produce offspring. The two color morph pea aphid showed the degradation ofpopulation after UV-B for two successive generations, with increasing UV-radidation timeand generation, the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two colormorph in same generation were decreased, the the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rateof increase (rm) of two color morph of F1generation decreased, and the the net reproductionrate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph of F1generationsignificantly lower than the green color morph, maybe the accumulation of UV-radiation, thedamage that the red color morph were radiated by UV-B greater than the green color morph.3. The intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphidWhen the single color morph pea aphid of the density of8,16,24and32pea aphids perplant are reared, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny per aphid of two colormorph of pea aphid were decreased with the increasing density. Therefore, indicated thatnegative density-dependent effects were observed in this two color morph when they reacheda certain density. For two color morph of pea aphid, the total density of8and16pea aphidper plant, when the total density are same, the reproductive periods and longevity and progenyof which the red and green color morph reared together have no significant difference than thesingle color morph reared, the density of single color morph reared were same with the singlecolor morph of mixed reared, because the total density of mixed reared were more higher thansingle reared, so the the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of mixed reared werelower than single color morph reared. the total density of32pea aphid per plant, thereproductive periods and longevity and progeny of the single color morph reared had nosignificant difference than mixed reared. Compared the biological parameters of two colormorph pea aphid single were reared in the same density, the development duration of redcolor morph were obviously longer than the green color morph in every density only thedensity of16pea aphid per plant (P＜0.05). At the same density, the reproductive periods andlongevity and progeny of red color morph had no significant difference than the green color morph(P＞0.05). Compared the biological parameters of mixed reared two color morph peaaphid in same density, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of red color morphhad no significant difference than the green color morph (P＞0.05). Indicated that the abilityof competition of red color morph of pea aphid had significant difference than the greenmorph in environment conditions, red color morph performed certain adaptability at thisenvironment, because red color morph and green color morph coexistent on sameenvironment.4. Selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphidIn this test, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) andAdonia variegata (Goeze) on red and green color morphs pea aphid Agyrthosiphon pisum.First of all, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red andgreen color morphs pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had no preferenceto red color morph in the low and midde to tal prey density (120and150), and positivepreference in the high total prey density (150). And no preference to green color morph in alldegrees of total prey density. The instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) ofHarmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.8741and0.006, the instaneous attackrate (a’) and treatmen time (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on th green color morph were0.9372and0.007. study on selective predation of the adult of Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had nopreference to red and green color morphs pea aphid. The instaneous attack rate (a’) andtreatment tiime (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.6658and0.0012, the instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) of Adonia variegata (Goeze)on th green color morph were0.7077and0.014. |
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