| 1980s was the final decade and the decisive stage of the US-Soviet confrontation. Poland, which was the Warsaw Pact Group Ⅱ countries, was experiencing the instability of the political situation. During these ten years, Polish politics had gone through two stages:1980-1981Solidarity crisis and1981-1989years after martial law period.The policy of US to Poland was different in these two stages. Along with the recent years, multi-country reference materials declassified one after another which provided possibility to re-interpretation and re-analysis the US policy during the Polish crisis of1980-1981. Conducting "newly" research on the unsolved problems are meaningful. At present, the research of US policy to Poland during1981-1989is extremely weak. If we widely use the memoirs of the relevant national dignitaries, speech set, president public documents, Public offering of newspapers and periodicals, published journal articles, academic publications, oral histories and so on, coupled with the use of some online databases, we can also conduct meaningful research. That increasing comprehensive description and analysis of the policy of US to Poland of this period are both necessary and possible. In this sense, researching the foreign policy of the United States to Poland during1980-1989has the academic significance which cannot be ignored.The structure of this paper is as follows:Chapter one:Recalling the1945-1980U.S. policy of Poland. Generally speaking, the policy of US to Poland experienced the evolution from containment to differentiation.1956was the turning point of the U.S. policy of the Soviet satellite countries of Eastern Europe. Previously, these countries were considered to be the "pliant Soviet satellites" and diplomatically equated to treat with Soviet Union; Since then, That the liberalization of the Eastern European countries tended to change the views of the United States, so it started to adjust the policy of peaceful evolution to replace the comprehensive containment. As a special country in the Soviet Union and Eastern camp, Poland opened the harbinger of U.S. policy adjustments. After1956Polish event, the US regarded it as "semi-independent satellite State" and "seeds of freedom" in the hostile camp which was worth cultivating, then adopted favorable treatment to it. The American government took some measures such as economic aid, trade concessions to win over Poland in order to pull Poland into the capitalist camp, and took the collapse of the Soviet Union and eastern socialist camp as the long-term goal. In the whole, the policy of US to Poland was different from other Eastern European countries.Chapter two:Analysis of the United States foreign policy during the Polish crisis of1980-1981. This chapter emphatically analyzes responses and the countermeasure of the American and Soviet, combing the Polish crisis briefly in the foundation. Soviet Union had exerted all-around, the multi-channel pressures to Polish Unification Worker’s Party Government, Urged its decisive suppression of counter-revolutionary forces to restore order in the country. The most important consideration of Washington was to prevent Soviet Union to dispatch troops to interfere, safeguard the Polish existing democratic reform achievement. To this end, on the one hand, it launched the public policy and diplomatic offensive, strived to coordinate their positions with allies to exert political pressure on the Soviet Union. On the other hand, it took providing economic aid to the Polish government for the bait, in order to encourage its behavior to maintain the restraint, and ensure the Polish domestic democratic reform to continue thoroughly.Chapter three:Combing the Reagan administration policy of Poland, Which belongs to the policy inspection of government to government dimension. During this period,the core of Reagan administration foreign policy is relation with Soviet Union. After martial law, the policy of Poland was on the background of the U.S. strategic considerations, attached to the policy of the United States against the Soviet Union. While the Reagan administration announced the imposition of economic sanctions to the Polish government, it proposed the lifting of sanctions must have three conditions: Removal of martial law, Release of all arrested personnel, and Reconciliation with the Catholic Church and the opposition. In the "step-by-step" policy framework, the United States and Poland formed a new model that" Cancellation of the individual economic sanctions in exchange for Poland gradually move to satisfy the above three conditions".so, the original sanctions big stick became into a carrot to lure Poland for political compromise. After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in1985, Jaruzelski sped up the domestic politics reform.U.S. policy for Poland began to go beyond "the step-by-step"to provide substantial economic aid as a bait to promote Poland’s process of political pluralism.Chapter four:Exploring the Bush administration’s policy in Poland, which Similarly belongs to the policy inspection of government to government dimension. level. When Bush took office in January1989, the situation of the Soviet-Eastern Europe were changing.The Bush administration took full advantage of this opportunity, adjusted the focus of policy, attempted to encourage the reform of the Eastern European countries prudently for their integration into the US-led Western world. Poland is a breakthrough in achieving this goal. Bush strengthened the links between the Government and the opposition, Led innovation along the path of the gradient, in order to avoid social chaos and ensure a peaceful transition of the system.Chapter five:Analysis of United States covert operations strategy in Poland, which is the policy of the U.S. government to the Polish opposition. Because the Polish opposition was in the underground, U.S. government’s support for the opposition mainly through covert action. In Poland, the covert operations of the United States had taken a different approach:under the banner of "Promoting democracy movement", Pope John Paul II for partners, Polish Catholic Church for political penetration channels, Non-governmental organizations in the United States as a medium,"Radio Free Europe" as a propaganda weapon, Embassy in Warsaw as an activity center. Providing huge amount of material and financial resources and information assistance to solidarity. These covert actions saved the Solidarity, and accelerated the evolution of the political situation in Poland, while the United States Government did not leave any handles that may be caught.In conclusion part, on the basis of primarily discussing the United States foreign policy to Poland, it was mainly thought and understood the United States policy as a whole for this period in this part. In the1980s, the policy of the United States to Poland accelerated the evolution of the political situation of the country and the collapse of the system. With the collapse of the socialist system in Poland, the entire process chain disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern camp and system was crashed. Thus, taking Poland as the gap, the policy of the United States played the role of the "accelerator" in the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union and East Union that can’t be underestimated. |
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