Research On The Identification And Assessment Of Operational Risks Of The Venues For Major Sports Events

This dissertation, taking as its research objective the operational risk of thevenues for major sports events, specifies the existent risks through risk identification,and establishes a risk assessment indicator system and some detailed assessment rules;through risk assessment, it goes on to analyze the probability of risk occurrence andpotential losses; and finally, based on a comprehensive grasp of risks, it proposesresponse and monitoring measures to the operational risks of the venues forlarge-scaled events so as to fulfill the objective of risk management. Thedissertation mainly consists of six parts as follows.Firstly, the dissertation adopts a structural decomposition approach of reverseretrospect, consisting of the characteristics of THE OBJECTIVE-HAZARDS OFTHE OBJECTIVE-RISK FACTORS, to identify the operational risks of the venuesfor major events. From the time dimension, the dissertation begins with an analysis onthe functional objectives in four phases, namely, pre-game planning, pre-gamepreparation, game operation, and post-game recovery, in the operation of large-scalevenues, and establishes the set of objective characteristics; then, with the help of thefishbone diagram method, it preliminarily draws out the characteristic set of hazardobjectives, and based on other methods, including an experts’ checklist, a field surveyand expert interviews, further improves the set; finally, taking as a check object thehazard factors of risk targets, it formulates an expert questionnaire, and uses theexpert’s risk checklist to diagnose, screen or supplement the characteristic set of riskfactors, and preliminarily sets up a frame system for risk identification for venues ofmajor events consisting of three first-grade indicators, nine second-grade indicatorsand26third-grade indicators. By employing the set theory and feature mappingtheory, certain problems, such as the crossing, overlapping and omission of riskfactors, are prevented in the process of identifying risks.Secondly, the tentative establishment of the frame system of risk identification isdemonstrated by Delphi Methods, also known as expert surveys, and the riskassessment system for the operation of the venues for mega events is eventuallydeveloped: three first-grade indicators(pre-game risks in the preparation phase, gamerisks in the game operation phase, and post-game risks in the recovery phase);ninesecond-grade indicators (risks in venue operation program, risks in the preparation ofvenue personnel, risks in the preparation of venue financial resources, risks in thepreparation of venue material resources, venue security risks, venue sports service risks, risks in venue logistics supports, risks in post-game human and materialevacuation, risks in the post-game venue finance) and27third-grade indicators (risksin the formulation of client group service program, risks in the formulation of securityprograms and emergency response, risks in the formulation of venue operational tasksand procedures, risks of venue distribution, risks of human resources planning, risksin personnel selection and recruitment, personnel training and rehearsal risks,personnel appraisal and incentive risks, risks of venue team development, risks infinancial budget of venue operation, risks in financial control of venue operation, risksof temporary venue constructions, risks in the management of permanent venueconstructions and facilities, risks in the supply of venue materials, safety andprotection risks, risks of fire prevention and evacuation, spectator service risks,medical and health service risks, technical service risks, other service risks includingrepast, languages, ticket and market services, risks in the management of venuefacilities, risks in the maintenance of venue surroundings, risks in the supply of venueproperties, risks in the evacuation of venue personnel, risks of venue construction andfacility damage, risks of venue asset run-off, and risks of venue finance overrun).Thirdly, the analytic hierarchy process is employed to set up a hierarchicalstructure model for the indicator system of risk assessment in the operation of thevenues for mega sports events, and through a pairwise judgment on the importancedegree of indicators by experts, the weight table for the assessment indicator systemof the mega venue operation is consequently obtained. Among them, the weightcoefficient for the risk in the phase of game operation is the largest one (0.4785),which is followed by that (0.3941) in the phase of pre-game preparation, and the leastone is the weight coefficient for the risk in the phase of post-game recovery (0.1274),among which the summation of the first two weights occupies87.26%of the entirevenue operational risk while the risk in post-game recovery only amounts to12.74%.In line with the principle of risk importance, this dissertation, on the basis of an actualcase, conducts its assessment on the risks in the pre-game and game phases, whichpossess larger risk weights.Fourthly, in terms of the operational risks in the pre-game phase, the dissertationassesses the operational risks of Nanyang Gymnasium where the7thChina FarmersGames is to be held. The results of the assessment go as follows: the risk categorizedas VERY POOR (a maximal risk) in the pre-game preparation phase is0, the onecategorized as POOR (a high risk) amounts to0.0071, the one categorized as GOOD(a general risk) totals0.1533, the one categorized as VERY GOOD (a low risk) amounts to0.4017, and the one categorized as EXCELLENT (a minimal risk) reaches0.4654. In accordance with the principle of maximal subordinate degree, experts holdthat the pre-game preparation of Nanyang Gymnasium categorized as EXCELLENT,VERY GOOD and GOOD scores0.8671. Consequently, after the integration ofexperts’ views is made, Nanyang Gymnasium is concluded to face a low risk in itsphase of pre-game preparation, among which there are slight risks in the preparationof material and financial resources and comparatively bigger risks in venue operationprogram and human resources preparation.Fifthly, the assessment on three indicators, namely the possibility, severity, andcontrollability of venue operational risks in the Gymnasium’s pre-game phase, revealsthat top ten risks, in terms of risk quantification in pre-game venue operation, includepower failure, mass congestion and stampede, errors in processing competitioninformation, mobbing, venue equipment failure or damage, poor food hygiene,explosion or threatened explosion, untimely material supply, hostage or vehiclehijacking, and object throwing, and corresponding risk response plans are accordinglyproposed to tackle these risks.Finally, since a risk is interpreted as a deviation between an objective and a result,the best way of an effective risk aversion is to adopt a scientific and rationalmanagement method for venue operation centered on operational objectives.Therefore, this dissertation puts forward four specific measures for the operationalmanagement of the venues for large-scale events, namely, the scientific design forvenue operation, the improvement of sport services centered on clients’ needs, theprovision of powerful supports for venue logistic services, and the adoption of thesafe venue measures.