| With the rapid development of China's rural economy and process of urbanization, garbage disposal problem in rural areas has increasingly attracted extensive attention. There are about 45% permanent population lives in rural area, and annual garbage produced by them are about 150 million tons, 50% of which without making any disposals. According to the preliminary statistics of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Construction, by the end of 2013, there are 218 out of 588 thousand villages in the whole country having their living wastes disposed, accounting for only 37% of the total villages. Therefore we still face a hard work in dealing with the rural garbage. It is pointed out by No.1 national government documents that the rural environment treatment should be addressed, the urban pipeline strengthened, concentration treatment and scattered treatment could be employed to quicken the speed of the modification of rural environment. Therefore, the objective of garbage reduction and resource recyclation will be attained.In theory, western scholars have put forward all kinds of governance theories, which require to be combined with the actual situation of China's rural communities, and to be analyzed and screened to solve the problems of rural life garbage treatment. In China, as the government functions having shifted from economic development-oriented to a public service-oriented, some places have made innovative experiment to the governance mechanisms for concentrate disposal of rural biochemical wastes and environment management model. We need to have theoretical reflection on and argumentation for these practical explorations. Currently, the majority of theoretical results about rural life garbage treatment in the domestic academic circles which based on the background of western developed countries, or design garbage treatment management system of rural life with reference to municipal living wastes management mode. How to form relevant theories and innovative programs concerning the governance mechanism of rural domestic garbage treatment, by aiming at the characteristics of rural domestic garbage and finding solutions to the problems faced by its governance, is an urgent task for rural environmental management and public policy research.Therefore, based on the collective action perspective, and under the prerequisite of conducting a comprehensive analysis about relevant literatures on environmental public services and households cooperative moves, this study has researched mechanisms about the impact of public space and social capital for farmers to participate in the domestic garbage treatment and to provide theoretical and empirical basis for promoting the improvement of rural environment and the environmental public goods' supply. First, the study has systematically sorted out references, such as public goods, collective action, and household behavior, analyzed the current status of rural garbage management, and investigated the condition of farmers' participation in rural domestic garbage treatment. Secondly, focused on the real-life problems existing in rural garbage treatment, and based on the theory of collective action, this study provides a formation mechanism for farmers' participating in collective action of dealing with domestic garbage. Then, the study analyzes the plight of rural household domestic waste treatment and explores the factors leading to collective action dilemma from the perspective of households' willingness to deviat from behavior. Moreover, the study focuses on the impact that made by public space, social capital on farmers' participation in cooperative form of garbage treatment. On this basis, the study has analyzes factors influencing farmers' participating behavior of domestic garbage treatment, by adopting Logit Model to analyze the heterogeneity of social capital, human resource capital, preference and other factors on farmers' participation logics. The comprehensive evaluation system that focus on rural domestic garbage treatment effects, usees vague comprehensive evaluation method to analyze the effect of domestic garbage treatment, explore the stimulating mechanism and logic of farmers' participation in concentrate garbage treatment, and finally put forward policy recommendations to increase farmers' participation behavior and promote the innovation of cooperative supply system for rural domestic garbage disposal, so as to provide decision-making reference for the government environmental public policy's innovation. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:First, rural life garbage treatment is an efficient way to solve the collective plight of the rural environmental public goods. The collective treatment of rural domestic garbage is a small-scale public good that is closely related to the production and life of famers and with certain characteristics of the common pool resources. For the supply and management of such public goods, compared to the government model and market model, the independent supply mode of cooperation can become possible in its realization, and because it is a bottom-up autonomous behavior, it also can effectively overcome low efficiency of government model and excessive transaction costs of market model, thus it is seen as an ideal way for the supply of rural small-scale public goods. However, this pattern is more susceptible to meet “collective action dilemma”in practice and lead to failure of cooperation. Farmers, communities and the government's participation rural domestic garbage treatment are necessary to realize sucessful governance. Therefore, individual interests and collective interests could be reached collectively. It is the key to explore farmers' participation behavior, to implement collaborative governance of rural living environment, The objective is to explore logics of farmers' participation behaviour in multi-interaction conditions to promote the cooperation and supply of rural domestic waste.Second, the inconsistency of willingness and behavior often leads to the failure of the rural environment governance collective action. The analysis of evidence shows that the incompatible interests of the collective and the individual is a fundamental reason to the dilemma of collective action. From the importance of the different factors and the interaction among them, the farmers' recognition and their personal characteristics are surface and middle factors, while social factors(including social networks, group size) is the underlying factors of that incompatibility. The reason for the formation of such a hierarchy, mainly due to the centralized treatment of domestic waste as public goods, and according to farmers “rational” choice, often adopt “free riding” strategy to obtain maximize returns. Therefore, among the deviated factors between the surface and middle factors, the most direct impact factor is the economic factor considered by famers according to their own situation and characteristics.Third, Small-scale, semi-opened and high-frequency public space and social capital have a positive impact on the formation of cooperative farmers domestic garbage treatment supply. The empirical results show that the small-scale, closed and high-frequency space conducive to the realization of farmers' collective action, social capital has plays an intermediary role in the construction of public space and the implementation of collective action in the countryside. Farmers cultivate social capital through rural interaction in public space, thereby laying the foundation for collective action. In addition, education degree, health condition, and conflicts all have significant impacts on farmers' willingness to participate. Apart from the above factors, farmers' participation behaviors are also influenced by these factors, such as the time they live in their village, household annual income, and subsidies or not.Fourth, farmers' involvement in household cooperation is a result of interaction between the environmental constraints and individuals factors, such as personal characteristics, community factors, the institutional environment and social capital. Discussion collective action of farmers' participation logics from the perspective of farmers' heterogeneity, the study found that natural resources heterogeneity negatively correlated with the participative behavior of farmers; while human capital has no effect on it; The network's dimension heterogeneity of social capitals is positively related to farmers' collective participation behavior, and the trust dimension heterogeneity negatively related to farmers' collective participation behavior. In addition, these factors like farmers' gender, the duties in the village and the timeliness of garbage treatment are also has sigfinicant effects on farmers' participative behavior of rural garbage collective treatment.Fifth, the effects of farmers' participation in cooperative governance in rural domestic garbage show that the environmental protection consciousness and the level of participation in collective action is the key factor for rural doemstic garbage treatment, and upgrading the level of education and the improvement in family economic conditions is helpful to improve the level of participation. In general, it is urgent to increase farmers' satisfaction level when encountering the rural domestic garbage treatment problems. It's mainly because of resource factors, information communication between different governance bodies, interest ties differences which leads to high organizational costs, thus reducing the effect of collective action. Therefore, it should be created new supply decision-making process, fund-raising and cooperation to maintain and improve the effect of rural domestic garbage centralized treatment mechanism. |
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