| China is a big edible oil-consuming country , with a self-sufficiency rate of < 40%.Large imports are needed each year to ensure normal supply of the market. However, a huge supply gap still existed. The active development of oil resources that does not compete for planting area with grain and cotton has a special realistic significance. In the recent years,Chinese government tried to explore woody oil plants as one of the main ways to meet the demand. The wild species, Anygcialus pedunculata Pall. (A.P.) of the rosaceous family, has a strong ability to survive in the desert and sand fixation. For a long time, the development and utilization of this plant have not attracted people's attention. Our research shows that A.P. has high seed oil content and can be used as a new source of edible oil. A.P. oil can fulfill the supply shortage of edible oil and achieve the sustainable development of desert regions.In this study, the utility of A.P. oil as the new edible oil source is verified. The production process of A.P. oil, their physicochemical properties, sanitary index, and safety assessment were studied. The biological function and blending of A.P. oil were also studied.The main findings are as follow:1. The compositions of the A.P. seeds from four different regions in China(Yulin,Shaanxi, Baotou and Alashan, Inner Mongolia and Chengde, Hebei) were separately studied.In particular, a comparative analysis of the composition, such as moisture, ash, crude protein,crude fat, dietary fiber, fatty acids, amino acids, trace elements, and vitamin E were carried out. The results show that all the four seeds are all rich in crude oil ( > 40%) and protein ( >20%), 18 types amino acids, some elements and 3% amygdalin. The content of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid and linoleic acid, was proved to be > 96.8%. All these data fully confirmed that the A.P. seed oil can be developed into many products and has a high utilization value. Furthermore, in the qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents of A.P.seeds, the organic acids, phenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids and saponins were identified, whereas anthraquinones, internal esters, glycosides and coumarins were not found.2. The production process of A.P. oil was studied. With hexane as the solvent, the solvent extraction methods for preparation of A.P. oil were investigated in the laboratory and the oil rate can be reached to 53%. Moreover, using a screw press, the effect of four different press methods(heated or the cold-pressed) on the oil quality and yield, composition of fatty acids and vitamin E content was investigated. Finally, the large-scale production process of A.P. oil was established, and nine tons of seeds were used to extract the oil. In this process, the oil yield can was 46.2% and the vitamin E content was about 48.2mg/100g. Moreover, A.P. oil was also proved to contain bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols,flavonoids and squalene..3. The physicochemical properties and health indicators of A.P. oil were characterized.The sense organ indexes, refractive index, relative density, iodine value, saponification, acid value, peroxide value, etc.of the oil prepared by heated the seeds and cold-pressing were measured. The iodine value was 108g/100g, the acid value 0.4 mg/KOH g, and the peroxide value was 0.046mmol/kg.In addition, the contents of Fe and Pb in the oil were 1.1mg/kg and 0.05 mg/ kg, respectively, the Ni, Cu, As elements were not detected; The residual solvents,pesticide residues, benzopyrene and aflatoxin B1 were not detected, and the indicators agreed with the requirements of the national standard. Furthermore,the A. P.,oil also contained a certain amount of Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn elements that are beneficial to humans health. The active oxugen method (AOM) value of the A.P. oil measured by the active oxygen method was 34h,far higher than the soybean oil and wheat germ oil, indicating that A.P. oil has better oxidation stability and can be easily stored.4. The characteristics of A.P. oil were measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry,fluorescence spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A.P. oil can be used as cosmetics materials owing to the good stability to ultraviolet absorption.5. The safety assessment of A.P. oil was conducted by toxicology tests, including acute toxicity test, micronucleus test, Ames test, sperm abnormalities, teratogenicity test, and feeding test for 90 days. The results show that A.P. oil is safe and non-toxic, and no adverse effects were found on the growth and development, hematology, blood chemistry, and other aspects of the pathology-related indicators in mice. Therefore, it is safe for humans to consume A.P. oil and no intoxication or adverse reaction is expected.A.P. oil passed the authentication by the state ministry of health in October, 2013, which is the first new food source authentication in the Shaanxi Province, China.8. Using animal models and olive oil and rapeseed oil as the control groups, the effects of the A.P. oil on cholesterol-lowering, anti-oxidation and liver protection were first studied.The experimental results show that the effect of A.P. oil on reducing total cholesterol (TC) is comparable to that of olive oil, and higher than rapeseed oil. The effects on reducing triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, elevating high-density lipoprotein(HDL) levels were found to be better than olive oil and rapeseed oil.Thus,it was concluded that A.P. oil has a better effect on regulating blood lipids and may prevent cardiovascular disease. A.P. oil signigicantly inhibited the D-galactose oxidative injury and the AST/ALT levels in the serum and liver tissue in mice. Further, A.P. oil increased the SOD and GSH-x activity and decreased the MDA values, the overall activity was similar to that of olive oil and better than rapeseed oil. A.P. oil could reduce the MDA, SOD and GSH-x elevated enzyme activities of the liver to reduce carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice caused by acute injury. The results show that A.P. oil can enhance the free radical scavenging ability and has some antioxidant effects.7. A mathematical model was established using the Matlab mathematical software, that provides four types of A.P. blend oils with reasonable fatty acids components. |
PDF Full Text Request