| The interpretation of social-ecological system(SES)vulnerability and resilience is an effective way forward sustainable resource management and directly faced to the requirements of regional development.Developing dilemmas exist on the population in poor mountainous area of China.Social or ecological engineering project positively impacted farmers' livelihood is a real way to solve this dilemma.However,the regional vulnerability assessments on city level are still measured on coarse scales,the indicators are not enough and the evolution law are unclear.The analyses on resilience are failed to systematicly reveal the complex farmers'attitudes on the social or ecological engineering project.Under these backgrounds,this study presents SES vulnerability and resilience theory,and analyzes the SES vulnerability characteristics of Shangluo City and Shangzhou District as typical study area in Qinling Mountain.Based on the long time series statistical data in 1997-2013,the evolution of SES vulnerability on county and town scale have been revealed by multiple indexes.Then based on 525 household questionnaires,the influence factors on farmers' awareness,decisions and livelihood satisfaction have been identified so as to seek macro and micro policy incentive ways to enhance SES resilience,as well as provide case guidance for the construction of ecological civilization and urban-rural coordination in pooor mountainous areas in China.(1)The results of TOPSIS method and projection pursuit method show that the vulnerability degree of Zhashui County and Luonan County in Shangluo City is the lowest(0.148)and highest(0.820),respectively.The peak values of county vulnerability are presented in 2003-2008,and the spatial difference of vulnerability is least in 2013.The vulnerability of the western region is higher than that of the eastern in Shangzhou District.The Chengguan Subdistrict and the Beikuanping Town have the highest(14 years high level)and lowest(17 years low level)vulnerability,respectively.Different from the other 22 townships,the vulnerability of Chengguan Subdistrict is still in an upward tendency.The urban-rural differences of SES vulnerability are continuely increasing.The defference of urbanization level and regional development objection among the mountainous counties and towns could be the main inner reason for the spatial variation of vulnerablility.(2)In the Shangzhou District,farmers' cognition about the contents(know for 14.81%)and purpose(ecological improvement for 54.63%)of Grain for Green project is generally unclear.Farmers agreed road construction promote social connectivity,and believed that the migration project improves the living status,such as living conditions,travel,shopping,education,energy use,and ecosystem(support for 83.54%).The job and income situation is not satisfied(mean values of 3.06 and 3.19).Households and farmers in male,young,high level of education,good health,high annual income,big family size with labor force are easier to fully understand and accept the ecological engineering projects.Income and employment mostly affect livelihood satisfaction.Increase the employment position,improve the education level,improve the health status,enhance the land circulation,develop forest management and other ways can be used to enhance the rural community resilience.The proposed vulnerability framework on mountainous farmers facing social and ecological projects in this study can effectively reveal the mechanism of farmers' vulnerability formation in mountainous area.(3)To strengthen resilience and improve human welfare,the SES adaption in Qinling Mountains has been discussed.In view of the ecological system as the main adaption object,both regional and rural community scale should be highlighted as 4 aspects:ensuring the quality of Grain for Green project,controling the industrial and domestic pollution,paying attention to food safety and agricultural pollution,preventing geological disaster risks in the mountain.In view of the social system as the main adaption object of adaptive control,industrial structure adjustment and upgrade,as well as construction of urban and rural infrastructure should be highlighted on regional scale;and solve rural outstanding livelihood issues,as well as seek sustainable ways for farmers' livelihood should be highlighted on rural conmunity scale.Base on the approach of studying mountainous social-ecological system vulnerability on spatiotemporal variation,influence mechanism and adaption strategy,this study clarified the vulnerability degree,identified farmers's adaptive capacity,which can provide foundamental guidance to coordinate the human-nature contradiction in impoverished mountainous area. |
PDF Full Text Request