Research On Public Health And Socio-economic Impacts Of PM_2.5 Pollution

Extensive economic development has brought serious air pollution to our country.PM_2.5-based haze has swept across the country and has become China’s most serious air pollutant.There is a spatial dislocation between PM_2.5 pollution and emissions in China which means there is a spatial mismatch between pollution and emissions.Due to the proliferation of PM_2.5 pollution,it is necessary to construct a model from the perspective of space economics to analyze its impact on public health.High concentrations of PM_2.5 will directly lead to the occurrence of various diseases and even premature death of residents,resulting in serious direct public economic losses.However,PM_2.5 pollution will not only have an impact on public health,but its indirect impact on agriculture,industry,transportation and other sectors can not be ignored.Based on the current severe PM_2.5 pollution situation,this paper adopts the theories of sustainable development,environmental economics,health economics,operational research and other disciplines,willingness to pay,spatial separation analysis,spatial auto-correlation analysis,spatial econometric model,environmental CGE models and other research methods.This paper analyzes the current causes,main sources and spatial effects of PM_2.5 pollution in China,discusses various factors affecting public health changes,and analyzes the direct public health impact and indirect socio-economic impacts caused by China’s PM_2.5.In addition,this paper studies the economic benefits that can be obtained in the context of controlling PM_2.5pollution,and finally put forward the research conclusions and related policy recommendations.The main research work and innovations are as follows:1.This article analyzes the current situation of PM_2.5 pollution in China,discusses the sources of pollution in China and the historical experience of developed countries.There is a clear regional difference in PM_2.5 pollution in China.At the same time,the level of PM_2.5 pollution in China has also clearly exceeded the air quality guideline issued by the World Health Organization and the general level of developed countries in Europe and America.High levels of pollution emissions lead to the main cause of PM_2.5 pollution.Among them,coal combustion and traffic emissions are the main sources of PM_2.5 emissions in China.The experience of developed countries shows that the treatment of air pollution needs to be managed from the energy structure and industrial structure.2.From the perspective of spatial geography,this study analyzes the spatial effect of PM_2.5 pollution in China.From the national point of view,China’s PM_2.5emissions showed an overall trend of rising year by year.In terms of regions,the eastern region is the major region for PM_2.5 emissions in China,accounting for 43.06%of China’s total PM_2.5 emissions.From the emission intensity of PM_2.5 in all provinces,Shanghai,Tianjin and Beijing have higher emission intensity.The positive correlation effect of PM_2.5 concentration in our country is very significant,and this positive correlation effect is showing an increasing trend.There has been a significant spatial mismatch between PM_2.5 pollution and emissions in China from 2000 to 2014,and the spatial separation index has always been above 25%.However,the spatial dissociation index of PM_2.5 pollution and emissions in our country has been declining continuously in 15 years.From 2000 to 2014,the spatial analysis index dropped from40.57 to 26.74,with an average annual decrease of 2.93%.This shows that the space of PM_2.5 pollution and emission in our country is not matching.The spatial mismatch between PM_2.5 pollution and emissions is the main reason for the spatial separation in a few provinces at this stage.PM_2.5 emission is the most important cause of PM_2.5pollution.Therefore,if the government wants to improve the air quality and reduce PM_2.5 pollution,it will eventually need to reduce the total PM_2.5 emissions.3.This article uses econometric method to analyze the impact of PM_2.5 pollution on public health and other possible influencing factors.Public health has a significant spatial agglomeration effect,which is increasing year by year.The main distribution is high agglomeration in North China,Central China and the eastern coastal areas,and low agglomeration in the Northwest and Northeast China.The increase of PM_2.5pollutant concentration significantly increased the number of hospital clinics in China,the number of hospital health examinations and the number of admissions lowered public health.From a regional perspective,there are significant regional differences in the impact of PM _2.5 pollution on public health.PM_2.5 pollution in central China has the most significant impact on public health,followed by the eastern region.The eastern and central regions of China belong to the more developed regions of the industry,while the extensive development in the previous period has produced serious environmental pollution.Therefore,at this stage,it is necessary to increase environmental protection efforts to improve public health in the region.Differentiating the environmental protection policies in different regions of China is the development direction of China’s environmental governance in the future.4.Based on the exposure-response function article,we analyzed the direct public health impact of PM _2.5 contamination.In 2015,about 83 people died of PM_2.5（95%confidence interval CI:22,134）and 4825（95%CI:2321,6906）in China.Among them,Shandong and Henan Province have the largest number of premature death.The prevalence of acute bronchitis and medical outpatients in the affected population is the highest.The direct economic loss of public health due to PM_2.5 pollution is about11594（95%CI:3275,18549）billion-yuan,accounting for 1.68%（95%CI:0.47%,2.69%）of the national GDP.PM_2.5 pollution led to the biggest change of public health terminals in Henan and Shandong.In 2015,Henan Province caused about 90,000premature deaths and 5.26 million people due to PM_2.5 pollution.Shandong has the highest direct public health economic loss of about 1510（95%CI:436,2365）billion-yuan,accounting for 2.40%（95%CI:0.65%,3.75%）GDP in Shandong Province.China’s control of PM_2.5 pollution and the attainment of the national secondary standard can greatly improve the residents’health level.China controls PM_2.5 pollution and reaches the level of national standards,which can greatly improve residents’health.Premature death can reduce 453,600 people,hospitalization,outpatient and illness can reduce 25,754,300 people,access to huge direct economic benefits 621.769 billion yuan.In view of the current haze weather increasingly serious,public should strengthen knowledge of PM_2.5 protection.During heavy smog weather,residents try their best to reduce their outings or travel to reduce the damage of PM_2.5to their own life and health.5.Based on the CGE model,this study analyzed the indirect Socio-economic impact of PM _2.5 pollution.In 2015,PM_2.5 pollution reduced labor input by about0.6‰,while labor loss in Henan Province exceeded 1‰.The decline in output of agriculture,industry and services was the main cause of indirect losses.The indirect social and economic losses caused by the six regions.Henan,Shandong and Jiangsu were all higher than 1 billion yuan.There was a positive correlation between PM_2.5concentration and direct economic loss of public health.By controlling PM_2.5 pollution,the government can reduce the residents’health expenditure and avoid labor loss,which in turn indirectly affects various social sectors.Except for the decrease in the output benefit of the health service sector,the output benefits of other sectors have increased,bringing the total indirect economic benefit of 97.25（95%CI:31.80145.49）billion.The direct economic loss of public health and the indirect social economic losses are both huge and important.