Inclusive Urban And Regional Planning:Theories,Methodology And Practice

With the world's social and economic development,a worsening income distribution has led to a widening gap between the rich and poor.Judging from the fact,many economists begin to show their concern over the inclusive planning.In the 21st century,based on the "poor-friendly growth",the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank have raised a concept of "inclusive growth".Inclusive growth is the growth that aims at the coordination of social and economic development,as well as sustainable development which is environmentally friendly.It's opposed to the pursuit of economic growth,and calls for a growth that provides equal opportunity.The basic meaning is to share the economic growth with equality.In November,2009,Hu Jintao raised the concept of "overall consideration,promotion of inclusive growth" at the 17th APEC meeting.After the meeting,the 5th Plenary Session of the 17th Chinese Communist Party issued plans and descriptions of the development of China in the next five years,and made it clear that the essential requirement of insisting on "development is of overriding importance" is to adhere to scientific development,to adhere to people-oriented,comprehensive,coordinated and sustainable development,to give great emphasis on overall consideration,to pay more attention to protecting and promoting people's livelihood,and to guarantee social fairness and justice.Such ideas are consistent with Hu's notion that China is an active pioneer,as well as an active practitioner of inclusive growth.It can be foreseen that inclusive growth will be the theme of development of China in the next five years.Furthermore,urban and regional planning has experienced some major changes in China.These changes may include diversity of concepts in planning resulted from different values,diversity of main body in planning resulted from participation of different interest groups,diversity of planning systems resulted from administrations of multiple departments,diversity of planning levels resulted from multi-scale spatial and temporal regulations,diversity of content in planning resulted from multi-objective decision-making,and diversity of methodology in planning resulted from the combination of multidisciplinary technology.Concerning all these facts,such complex spatial problems may go beyond the capability of existed theories and methodology in urban planning.Taking all the facts and understanding above into consideration,the thesis raised concepts based on two main ideas in inclusive planning.One is the equity which can be shared and mutually beneficial,another is a form of development which is coordinated and sustainable.Then,the thesis gives research on theories and methodology in such planning.By introducing the content of inclusiveness,and regard it as the guideline,planning can promote a comprehensive and sustainable development in society and economy in all extent,promote people's livelihood in a fair and reasonable way,and guarantee people's legal rights.Thus,the tradition which views economic growth as the core,the spatial distribution as the key point,the top-down planning model as the route,the elite decision-making and planning method as the methodology,can be changed thoroughly.With the guideline of the given targets and research thinking,as well as the base of a summary of related studies in China and overseas,the author conducts his research.The research uses GIS(geographic information system)as the platform for data processing and analysis,and spatial analysis as the main methodology.It also uses theories and methods in geography,economy,sociology,environmental science,management,planning,etc.The research establishes a multi-scale framework of inclusive urban and regional planning.It also gives theories,methodology and analytical models for multi-scale inclusive urban and regional planning,which contains the protection of rights of development at macro and regional scale,the protection for rights of possession at moderate and urban scale,and the protection for rights of speak at micro and block-sized scale.The author then uses the watershed of Huai River,the main urban zone of Nanjing,as well as the historic districts of Changting,Fujian Province for empirical study.The whole thesis contains seven chapters.Chapter one is the introduction.Through the background study of revolutions in today's urban and regional planning,the source of inclusive thinking,as well as revolutions in digital planning,the author elaborates the aim of the research,together with the meaning in theory,methodology,and practice.Chapter two is the literature review.Through the study of source of inclusive growth and practice in urban and regional planning,the author tries to learn the following two questions from aspects of sustainability,participatory,and operability in planning.The first question is the gap between the theory and today's China,along with the problems existed.The second one is the necessity and possibility of the use of inclusive planning.Chapter three is the construction of the theoretical model.By analyzing the serious challenges facing today's China,and the abuse of public rights and private rights,the author draws the conclusion that urban and regional planning is the focus of conflicts between the two rights above,as well as a cure for the problem.Furthermore,the author raises the core standard,which can be described as "fairness and justice,equality in opportunities",along with three overall objectives.With such analysis,the author explains the key points of inclusive urban and regional planning.The macro-scale should guarantee the right of development,and deal with the conflicts between man and nature.The moderate-scale should guarantee the right of possession,and deal with conflicts between man and city.The micro-scale should guarantee the right of speak,and deal with conflicts between different people.By learning such key points,the author establishes theoretical models at three scales.The macro-scale model introduces the concept of right of development,and has classification on such right.It also raises the implementation standard,the implementation patterns,as well as the allocation plan for the right.The moderate-scale model introduces the concept of distribution on demand and externality,and form an analytical model for the distribution of rights of possession in different urban facilities.The micro-scale model introduces the concept of interest holders and interest parties,and classifies the right of speak into three levels:the strong right,the moderate right,and the week right.Then,it gives the space division model influenced by the three rights.Chapter four is the analytical model and empirical study of the inclusive planning at macro and regional scale.By combining the comprehensive use of statistical method and spatial analysis method in GIS,with the target national scientific and technological project,the author chooses the watershed of Huai River as the research area.The author combines the use of the D8 method in hydrology with social and economic data,in order to classify sub-watershed in upper and middle Huai River.The Hierarchical Linear Model is also used to discuss the relationship between social and economic development and water pollution.Based on such studies and the standard of major function oriented zoning,the author introduce factors containing water pressure and water environmental sensitivity,to draw the water resource and water environmental distinction zoning of the watershed.The author then arranges the right of development,which includes the right of social,ecological,and social development,for cities in the watershed.In order to guarantee and carry out the developmental rights for such cities,the author introduce regulations in water rights trading,emission trading,as well as rules in ecological compensation.By doing all these,a new management model for watershed is formed.Chapter five is the analytical model and empirical study of the inclusive planning at moderate and urban scale.Based on the analysis of traditional spatial distribution methods,the author illustrates that the traditional,government-led,top-down,supply-oriented pattern of distribution cannot optimize the public interests.Thus,the author introduces the concept of distribution on demand,which means the right of possession is distributed from down to top,and the distribution is based on the demand of the citizens.With such theoretical model,the author uses the spatial analysis method in GIS to study the fire-fighting and ecological facilities in main city zone of Nanjing,which is the area for empirical study.In study of location of fire-fighting facilities,the author introduces ideas of traffic accessibility and road network reliability to give a comprehensive analysis on service area and response time.In addition,the author takes externality into consideration,and optimizes the location of such facilities in main city zone.In study of location of green space system,the author takes ecological efficiency and supply and demand in social service,in order to give a comprehensive evaluation on the condition of green space in the whole area.At the same time,the author defines the influenced area of external effects from green space,which includes the close-related area,the accessible area,as well as the visible area.After all the analysis,the author raises the methodology for optimizing the location of green space system,and gives advices for making the external benefit of the system shared by the general public.Chapter six is the analytical model and empirical study of the inclusive planning at micro and district-sized scale.Based on the analysis of subject and object in right of speak,space division,construction of system,as well as related study in planning,the author chooses Diantou street,a historic district in Changting County,to do empirical study.The author carries out questionnaire survey,field study,as well as TIA(traffic impact analysis),visibility analysis,accessibility analysis in GIS,to finish the study.With such study,the author establishes a practical hearing and feedback mechanism,in order to provide a proper right of speak for the local citizens.Chapter seven is the conclusion and prospect.The author draw conclusions for the study,refine innovation content,point out weakness,and looks forward to the future studies.The major innovations of the thesis are:1.The thesis introduces the concept of inclusive planning into the field of urban and regional planning,as raises a systematic framework for inclusive urban and regional planning at multi-scales.It illustrates the core standard,the overall objective,and key points at each scale.On such basis,it establish a theoretical model in urban and regional planning,which contains the protection in rights of development at macro and regional scale,the protection in rights of possession at moderate and urban scale,and the protection in rights of speak at micro and block-sized scale.2.At moderate scale,the thesis raises an inclusive planning method for infrastructure.Such method is based on the right of possession for infrastructure and the relationship between supply and demand.It uses the concept of supply on demand as the standard,and takes the externality of infrastructure into consideration.This method compensates for the weakness in traditional urban planning,which bases its thoughts only on supply.It also enriches theories and methodology in the study of infrastructure.3.At micro scale,the thesis raises a space division model for the right of speak.The model makes it clear that which group of people can be involved in public participation and what rights do they have.It turns an abstract idea into a specific model,and will be important support for the research in urban regeneration at district-scale,as well as for research in public participation.Thus,such model is of great value in innovation.4.The thesis uses the Hierarchical Linear Model,which is widely used for analysis for nested data set in pedagogy and psychology,to analyze social economy and water quality of a watershed.Then,spatially and temporally hierarchical linear model is developed using the GIS technique.Such model can broaden the vision of geography and environmental science.It also discusses the relationship between economic development and water pollution by studying the roles of various factors of social economy at watershed and regional scales.Thus,it provides a practically applicable analysis method for studying the sustainable development of watershed.This study first integrates the analysis method for road network reliability and accessibility,and takes traffic capacity and resistant level of roads in different periods into consideration.It also studies the patterns of land use and population density,and establishes a method for calculating the speed of fire trucks in different periods.Then,it introduce indexes in traffic capacity into the calculation of accessibility,and it makes the traditional road network accessibility analysis method at macro-scale can be used at moderate-scale.