| 'Golden Delicious' apples in four different habitats of Sichuan and Tibet Plateau were used as materials, the biological characteristics, leaf structure, fruit structure, quality characteristics and photosynthesis characteristics were tested and The correlation and regression formulation between fruit quality and main meteorological factors were analyzed to explore their response and adaptation to different habitats. The results of the studies are listed as follows1. The biological characteristic and ecological response of 'Golden Delicious' apples of Sichuan and Tibet plateau were investigated, the results showed that:?1? There were large differencs in phonological phase, flower formation of shoots and fruit setting of inflorescence in different habitats.'Golden Delicious' apple in cold Plateau area generally sprouted in mid-to-late February, blossomed in mid March, matured in mid-to-late July,'Golden Delicious'apple in dry-warm valleys area generally sprouted in mid-to-late March, blossomed in early to mid April, matured in mid-to-late August, 'Golden Delicious' apple in Tibetan Plateau area sprouted in mid-to-late March,blossomed in early May, matured in mid-to-late September.'Golden Delicious' apple performed the characteristics of tree structure compact, internode shorter, flowering easy and mainly born on mid-branch and short-branch. The percentage of flower formation of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' was the highest with a rate of 51.29%, followed by Yanyuan and Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' with a rate of 47.59% and 41.79% respectively, the minimum was in Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' with a rate of 39.57%. The pollen viability of terminal flower bud was higher than the pollen viability of axillary flower bud. The percentage fruit-set of flower with rate ranged from 66.81% to 71.62% was higher than the percentage fruit-set of flower inflorescence with rate ranged from 80.52% to 87.19%, The average seed number of 'Golden Delicious' apple was more than 7.1.?2?'Golden Delicious'in different habitats were vulnerable to the infection of apple canker, early-falling disease and powdery mildew, there were large differences in disease incidence and index. Apple rust was mainly related to rust host plants and only occurred in Nyingchi. The apple canker with the highest incidence was the key factor affected the development of apple industry of Sichuan-Tibet Plateau. The result of correlation analysis showed that there was significant positive correlation between average annual rainfall and apple valsa canker and Early defoliation index with correlation coefficient of 0.9778 and 0.8918 respectively.?3?The volume and weight of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats increased as S-curve model in one year growth period. In the development of fruit, the variation of acid and Vc content showed the smiliar trend of gradually decreasing. Sugar had two rapid accumulations during the fruit development, the first rapid accumulations appeared after the first rapid declining period of starch content, The second rapid accumulation period was mainly concentrated in late stage of fruit expanding to the beginning mature stage. The starch content reached a maximum value with the fruit cell division significantly increasing, there was diffence in peak in different habitats. Fruit firmness showed the trend of gradually decreasing, the fruit firmness of Xiaojin and Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' were higher, the fruit firmness of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' was minimum. The trend of soluble solids, sugar and sugar acid ratio showed the consistent trend of constantly increasing during the fruit development. The correlation analysis among the physicochemical properties indicated that the total acids content had a significant positive correlation with total sugar and solute solid, and had a significant negative correlation with the ratio of sugar and acid. The Vc content was positively correlated with fruit firmness. Total sugar was significantly positive correlated with solute solid. Starch content was positively correlated with fruit firmness.2.The morphometric parameter, epidermal parameter, anatomical parameter, chloroplast ultrastructure of 'Golden Delicious' apple leaves in different habitats were determined, the results were as follows.?1? The stomatal apparatus area of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' was highest at a average of 428.44·mm-2, followed by Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' with stomatal apparatus area of 337.32·mm-2, the smallest stomatal apparatus area was Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' at an average of 304.60-mm-2, The stomatal apparatus density of Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' was maximun at an average of 397.67·mm-2, followed by Yanyuan and Maoxian'Golden Delicious' with stomatal apparatus density of 397.67-mm-2 and 389-mm-2 respectively, the minimum stomatal apparatus density was Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' at a average of 332.67·mm-2. The epidermal hairs of Xiaojin and Maoxian'Golden Delicious' were more intensive at an average of 22.67 and 20.67 per cubic millimeter respectively, the epidermal hairs of Nyingchi and Yanyuan'Golden Delicious'were relatively sparse at an average of 9.67 and 8.33 per cubic millimeter respectively. There was clear difference between the palisade tissue and spongy tissue of'Golden Delicious'apple leaves in different habitats, and the thickness of leaves palisade tissue and spongy tissue of Nyingchi'Golden Delicious'was biggest, thickness of palisade tissue of Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' was minimum, the thickness of spongy tissue of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' was minimum, the P/S ranged from 0.95 to 1.28, the P/S of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' was largest at an average of 1.28.?2? The results of chloroplast ultrastructure of 'Golden Delicious' apple leaf in different habitats showed that mesophyll cell chloroplasts of 'Golden Delicious' was oval and arranged in parallel lamellae latitude in cells. Mesophyll cell chloroplasts of Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' mainly arranged at the edge of the cell and had more granas at an average of 42.5, grana lamellae developed an average of 35.25 layer, while, chloroplasts of Yanyuan, Xiaojin and Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' draw close to the central cell with a few chloroplasts distorted, the number of grana lamella of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' was most at an average of 48.54 layers, but grana lamellae was less at an average of 20.89, thylakoid membrane of Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' was more abundant with grana and the number of grana layer were 41.33 and 31.13, respectively. the number of granas and grana lamella of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' were less at an average of 40.3 and 16.48, respectively. The chloroplasts density of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' was largest at an average of 38.2 per square microns, followed by Maoxian and Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' at an average of 33.29 and 33.2 per square microns, respectively, the chloroplasts density of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' was minimum at a rate of 22.4 per square microns.Starch grains density of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' was largest at an average of 6.6 per grana.?3? The correlation analysis between meteorological factors and structural characteristics of 'Golden Delicious' apple leaf showed that stomata density were greatly influenced by the negative effects of relative humidity,on the contrary, stomata area was greatly affected by the positive effect of relative humidity. The epidermal hair density was greatly influenced by the positive effects of the annual extreme maximum temperature. The thickness and palisade cell layers of palisade tissue were greatly affected by the positive effect of the diurnal temperature difference annual, the sponge tissue thickness was greatly affected by the negative effect of annual extreme minimum temperature. The P/S, chloroplast number and grana number were greatly affected by the positive effect of the average January temperature. Number of starch grains was greatly affected by the negative effect of?10? accumulated thermal units of annual. Grana layers and grana thickness were greatly affected by the negative effect of altitude.3. The anatomic structure characteristics of 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit in different habitats was determined and the correlation between the fruit structure characteristics and meteorological factors was analyzed, the results showed that:?1?Fruit surface of 'Golden delicious' apple was covered with wax membrane, cuticular membrane and epidermal cells were piled up with each other, epidermal cells was under the cuticle layer,which was composed of a layer of closely spaced single cells, most of cells were ellipse and rectangle. Yanyuan and Maoxian Golden Delicious 'apple fruit surface were roughness with big and dense dots, thin cuticle, multi-breaks and uneven texture epidermal cells, however, Xiaojin and Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple were bright and clean with small and thin dots, thick cuticle, less breaks and even texture epidermal cells. The size and density of fruit dot and the number of epidermal fracture were considered as an important feature to measure fruit surface roughness.?2? The mechanical tissue that composed of 3-4 layers of cells was under 'Golden Delicious' apple epidermal cells. There were two layers different pulp tissue, the outer pulp cell near the peel was smaller and tightly arranged. Pulp cells close peel of Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' apple were relatively elongated ?fruit shape index of 1.34?, the inner pulp cells were uniform, closely packed, but, pulp cells close peel of Yanyuan'Golden Delicious'apple were relatively short round ?fruit shape index of 1.27?, the inner layer of the pulp cells was not uniform, the intercellular space was obvious,and partial inner pulp cells were polygon.?3? Fruit pericarp cell wall of Maoxian and Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' had a complete structure, part of cell wall of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit was loose, meanwhile part of the plasma membrane appeared degradation, most of cell wall of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit degraded. Chloroplasts of pericarp cell in four habitats were clearly visible with a complete structure at an average of 3.07 um-2.Fruit pulp cells showed similar charactistics with the cell wall decomposed, intercellular layer disappeared, starch grains appeared empty and chloroplasts disintegrated completely.?4? The result of correlation analysis between the main meteorological factors and fruit structure charactistics showed that the size of fruit dot was influenced greatly by the rainfall.The mechanical tissue of 'Golden delicious' fruit was not developed with smaller thickness and less cell layers in abundant rainfall and air humid area, however, the mechanical tissue of 'Golden delicious' fruit was developed with bigger thickness and more cell layers in less rainfall and dry area. Pulp cell length of'Golden delicious'apple increased to the formation of high pile of fruit shape in large diurnal temperature difference,abundant rainfall, cooler climate area.4. The photosynthetic characteristics and photosynthetic parameters of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats of Sichuan and Tibet Plateau were determined, The results were as follows.?1? The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate ?Pn? of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats showed a a kind of double-peak curve, there were obvious "noon break" phenomenon. The diurnal variation trend of net photosynthetic rate of 'Golden Delicious' apple in Maoxian, Xiaojin and Yanyuan tended to be consistent, the first peak occurred at 11:00 with the peak value of 17.38,18.71 and 17.8 mol/m2/s respectively, and the peak occurred for the second time at 14:00, but in Nyingchi, the first peak of 'Golden Delicious' apple's Pn appeared at 13:00 with the peak value of 15.7 mol/m2/s, the second peak appeared at 15:00.?2? The seasonal variation of net photosynthetic rate ?Pn? of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats showed a kind of double-peak curve.The first peak of the net photosynthetic rate of Maoxian, Xiaojin and Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' apple appeared in mid to late June,while the first peak of the net photosynthetic rate of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple appeared in July, the second peaks of the net photosynthetic rate of 'Golden Delicious'apple in four habitats all appeared in September.?3? There was difference in light compensation point and light saturation point of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats. The light compensation point of Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' apple was minimum at an average of ?24±2.3? ?mol/m2/s, folloewed by Xiaojin and Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' apple at an average of ?44±1.15? and ?45±1.52? ?mol/m2/s respectively, the light compensation point of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple was maximum at an average of ?84±0.88??mol/m2/s. The light saturation point of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple was maximum at an average of ?1940±5.71? ?mol/m2/s, folloewed by Yanyuan and Xiaojin'Golden Delicious'apple at an average of ?1816±3.4? and ?1792±1.45? ?mol/m2/s, the light saturation point of Maoxian'Golden Delicious'apple was minimum at an average of ?1684±4.81??mol/m2/s. The apparent quantum yield of Yanyuan and Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' apple were maximum, which indicated higher efficiency in weak light, the apparent quantum yield of Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple was minimum.?4?The net photosynthetic rate of 'Golden Delicious' apple in different habitats linearly rised with the increase of CO2 concentration when the CO2 concentration was below 400?mol/mol,Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' apple reached the CO2 compensation point first with the CO2 compensation point of ?55.06±0.94? ?mol/mol, followed by Maoxian and Yanyuan 'Golden Delicious' apple with the CO2 compensation point of ?59.87±0.86? and ?64.65±1.17? ?mol/mol respectively, the Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' apple reached the CO2 compensation point last with the CO2 compensation point of ?67.23±0.22? ?mol/mol. The CO2 saturation point of Nyingchi'Golden Delicious' apple was the highest at an average of ?1588±5.2? ?mol/mol, followed by the Yanyuan and Xiaojin 'Golden Delicious' apple at an average of ?15422.01? and ?14785.84? ?mol/mol respectively, the CO2 saturation point of Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' apple was minimum at an average of ?1465±2.51? ?mol/mol. Nyingchi 'Golden Delicious' had the highest carboxylation efficiency, which indicated higher efficiency in low-concentration CO2, Maoxian 'Golden Delicious' had the lowest carboxylation efficiency, which indicated lower efficiency in CO2.?5?There was a close relation between 'Golden Delicious' apple photosynthetic parameters and eco-physiological factors in different habitats. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance had a positive correlation with photosynthetic active radiation ?PAR? and air temperature respectively, had negative correlation with the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Intercellular CO2 concentration had negatively correlation with photosynthetic active radiation and air temperature, had positively correlation with the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration had positive correlation with relative humidity, had negative correlation with vapour pressure deficiency. Net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate had negative correlation with relative humidity, had positive correlation with the water vapor pressure deficiency. PAR was the main environmental factor that affected the photosynthetic characteristics. The transpiration rate had a positive correlation with carotenoid. The net photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with chlorophyll ?a+b? and chlorophyll a, and positively correlated with chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b, and positively correlated with carotenoid.5. The fruit quality in different habitats of Sichuan-Tibet Plateau were determined and the correlation and regression formulation between fruit quality with mean temperature ?MT?, mean temperature diurnal range ?MTDR?,?10? accumulated thermal units ??10?ATU?, amount of precipitation ?AP? and sunshine hours ?SH? from June to August and annual were analyzed. The results of the studies are listed as follows.?1? Golden Delicious apple was significant difference in 4 ecological regions and showed better in Xiaojin with the characteristics of sun shading and the sweet and sour flavor.?2? The correlation and regression formulation between fruit quality and meteorological factors showed that fruit weigh had positive correlation with MT of June-Aug and ?10? ATU of June-Aug respectively, MT of June-Aug played dominate role. The fruit shape index had positive correlation with MTDR of Year, attitude repectively, and had negative correlation with MT of June-Aug, the larger MTDR and the lower MT of June-Aug was benefit for formation of high pile shape. Firmness had negative correlation with MT of June-Aug, AP of June-Aug, AP of year respectively, and had positive correlation with MTDR of June-Aug, AP of June-Aug had greater influences on firmness. Anthocyanin had positive correlation with MTDR of June-Aug and SH of June-Aug, spreading reflective film in June-Aug and spraying for temperature reducing at dust was benefit for Golden Delicious apple color formation. Soluble solids had positive correlation with MTDR of June-Aug, had negative correlation with ?10? ATU of Year. Total sugars had positive correlation with MTDR of June-Aug, total acids had positive correlation with MTDR of Year, and had negative correlation with AP in Annual. Vc had positive correlation with MTDR of Year and SH of year, and SH of year had greater influences on Vc.?3? The optimum values of main meteorological factors contributing to excellent quality formation of Golden Delicious apple were 20.9? MT of June-Aug,12.3? MTDR of Year,1911.6??10? ATU of Year,296.1 mm AP of June-Aug,559.5 h SH of June-Aug,12.8?MTDR of Year,3227.8??10? ATU of Year,617.5 mm AP of Year, 2142.6 h SH of year, and 3010.8m of altitude. In this study, six in eight of the fruit quality indicators were affected by MTDR, and MTDR was considered as the main evaluation factor, the larger MTDR, the better fruit qulity within limits. |
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