A Study On The Understanding Cases Of Administrative Rights Of Ryukyu Islands Reversion Negotiations Between U.S. And Japan

Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito islands,(commonly known as The return of the Okinawa agreement),signed by the representatives of the governments of the United States and Japan,In June 17,1971,played a significant role in the history of relations between the US and Japan,even in the history of international relations in Asia.There are a series of understanding documents signed by United States and Japan during the process of negotiation,to deal with those important affairs which are highly sensitive in the United States and Japan domestic politics or related to the interests of the China.This paper on the basis of researching recent declassified archives of the United States and Japanese governments,using the method of analysis of decision making process and political diplomatic history,focuses on the understanding case of return area,military bases and civil aviation rights.This paper includes five parts in total.In the part of introduction,I mainly reviewed the research situation and the issues left over in America,Japan and Chinese concerning the status of Ryukyu Islands during the Cold War.In the first chapter,in order to clarify the historical conditions of the return of the Ryukyu Islands negotiations,it mainly explores the following problems:the formation of policy that the United States control the Ryukyu Islands alone,the making—peace policy of the Japanese government,the provisions about the status of the Ryukyu Islands in the article ? of the San Francisco peace treaty with Japan,Administrative Rights of Amami Islands Reversion Between U.S.and Japan and Diaoyu islands issue,the formation of basic principles about U.S.and Japanese governments on return Ryukyu Islands negotiations.In the second chapter,in order to clarify the origin of the understanding memorandum in which American and Japanese governments put the Diaoyu Islands into the Ryukyu Islands region within the scope of administration and its influence,it mainly explores the following problems:how exactly does the United States and Japan determine the basic policies for the return of the region?What are the important changes about the negotiation strategy?How did the US government deal with the dispute between the Japanese government and the Taiwan authorities on the Diaoyu Islands?In the third chapter,in order to reveal.the truth of many secret understandings concerning military base in the process of negotiation and its influence,it mainly explores the following problems:What kinds of secret understandings did United States and Japan have reached?In order to ensure the rights to use military land for the U.S,how did the Japanese government deal with the relationship between government and the Okinawa Military Landowners?How to evaluate the functions of the Ryukyu Islands military base after Ryukyu negotiation.In the forth chapter,in order to clarify the special significance of economic rights and interests in negotiation,it mainly explores the following problems:How exactly did US and Japan government determine to deals with the basic policy of civil aviation rights of the United States?What is the changing trend of the negotiations strategy of US and Japan?How to recognize the features and effects of diplomatic instruments signed by U.S.and Japanese government representatives?Through the specific analysis of the above three types of understanding,author summarizes the basic ideas of the full text in the conclusion.First of all,the formation of the status of the Ryukyu Islands is a product of the cold war between East and west.The concept of "potential sovereignty "proposed by special envoy Dulles,not only meets the requirements in the U.S.government who claim long-term control Ryukyu Islands,but also meets part requirement of Japanese government on the Ryukyu Islands' Sovereignty.Japan was always unwilling to be a defeated country and utilizes the principle of non--expanding territory to resist the Allies' disposition of Japanese territory.On Ryukyu Islands ownership,Japanese government opposed to render Ryukyu Islands under Chinese control,accepting the sole control of Ryukyu Islands by U.S.government.Japan more firmly determined to follow the American opinion to make peace after a comparative study of the draft treaties between United States and Britain.Simultaneously,Japan saw the possibility to hold the sovereignty at south of latitude 29 degrees by study the different ways of expression about territory issue in peace treaty put forward from U.S.government.Treaty of Peace with Japan and Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan marks that the two countries turn from enemies to allies.The geographical scope specified by Article III in Treaty of Peace with Japan does not include the Diaoyu Islands.Placing Diaoyu Islands under the jurisdiction of United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands is the production of The United States government to redefine the Ryukyu Islands administrative region after Amami islands agreement With the continually accumulating deficit of international revenue of the United States,a variety of contradictions caused by expansion of the Vietnam War,high-speed increase of Japanese economy and the great achievements made by China in the process of developing nuclear weapons,the existence of these factors urges U.S.government to adjust the policy toward Japan and Ryukyu Islands.In November 21,1969,heads of government of the United States and Japan agreed to deal with various projects in accordance with the principle of withdrawal nuclear weapons,the military base in Ryukyu Islands being as same as the military base in Japanese mainland and returning the administration of Ryukyu Islands to Japan in 1972.The reason why basic principles of negotiation can be established attributed to that the United States and Japan agreed to share secret understanding to deal with the issue of U.S.military redeployment of nuclear weapons under emergency situations and that he Japanese government pays financial compensation funds to the U.S.government.Secondary,the formation of the Diaoyu Islands sovereignty dispute between China and Japan has an indivisible relationship with Ryukyu Islands negotiation.The basic policy of the Japanese government is seeking The United States government's admission that the Senkaku Islands is a part of the Ryukyu Islands firstly,then requesting that return area should include the Senkaku Islands and use latitude and longitude lines to indicate the specific area of the return.In the form of a specific diplomatic document,Japanese government initially requested to use annex,but finally,compromised and accepted the understanding memorandum.As for The United States government,the term "residual sovereignty" was always interpreted from the angle of politics rather than legal angle.At the same time,American government redefined geographical boundaries of Article ? in the San Francisco peace treaty with Japan and direct connect Article ? of the San Francisco peace treaty with Japan and United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands No.27 announcement.Not only recognizing the Senkaku Islands as a part of the Ryukyu Islands belonging to the scope of return area in the future,but also separating power of administration and sovereignty,urging that the issue of sovereignty dispute should be resolved by negotiation between both parties in the dispute or submitted to the International Court.However,that pretty much catered for the interests of Japan,such as the United States agreed that the Agreed Minute can be used as supplementary documents of Article I of the return of the Okinawa agreement,and accepting to use latitude and longitude coordinates to indicate return area.The most fundamental reason why the United States ignored the serious and principled position of china is because the Nixon administration still regarded China as imaginary enemies.Third one,the negotiation strategies of the US and Japan have changed obviously in military bases negotiation.At first United States military base problem had been directly linked to VOA transfer station problem,but then gradually turned to mutual separation,from insisting to require that the third provisions of the agreement shall include the safeguard.clause to request the Japanese government to accept the summary procedure.As for Japan,from insisting to move VOA transition station away to combine VOA issue directly with P-3 aircraft problem gradually,from resolutely refusing the safeguard clause to accepting the summary procedure.Both sides agreed to make separate provision concerning OVA transfer station problem in Article ? of Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the daito islands and its secret of understanding.In addition,exchanging secret understanding concerning migrate P-3 aircraft,signing the secret understanding and schedule A,B and C concerning Ryukyu Islands military base issue.U.S.military bases in Ryukyu Islands had been adjusted and reduced after the return of the Ryukyu Islands.However,the function about nuclear weapons has not been completely lost,the core part of the US military base was almost completely preserved.Under the premise that the US Japan cooperation and security treaty and the relevant agreements applied to Okinawa,the United States transferred certain military facilities to Japan,so Japan should assume a certain extent of responsibility for defense.This adjustment did not impair the U.S.military's obligations in the Far East,instead,made up for the negative impact of U.S.Troop reduction policy in the Asia Pacific region and gave the security protection system with new features.For the interest demands that increasing total annual rent from Okinawa Municipalities Federation of The Military Landowners Association,on the one hand,the Japanese government was trying to sign a secret understanding to reach a compromise with Okinawa Municipalities Federation of The Military Landowners Association;on the other hand,Japanese government guaranteed the right to use military bases on schedule through formulate military land budget and related bills.This historical process was closely related to U.S.military base negotiation,illustrating the policy orientation of Japanese government that to maintain U.S.-Japan security system and cater for the U.S.military strategy in Asia.The Huang Wei Yu and Chi Wei Yu were treated as shooting/bombing range of U.S.military in the Ryukyu Islands.Diaoyu Islands was included in Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone Boundary Line in Okinawa.These events state clearly that U.S.and Japanese governments use multiple ways to deal with the Diaoyu Islands issue.The policy of the United States and Japan has a profound impact on the dispute of Diaoyu Islands between China and Japan.Last but not least,the issue of civil aviation rights in Okinawa reflects how did U.S.government defend its economic interests on the premise of ensuring significant strategic interests.From stage of negotiation process,Japanese government had to give up the proposal of exchange Okinawa route rights for Chicago route after the negotiation place shifted from Washington into Tokyo.The Japanese government had to negotiate with the U.S.government by refusing to grant domestic navigation right and admitting that United States could continue operating the right to reach/through Okinawa within a certain period of time.On the other side,the United States government almost achieved all of its intended objectives through the negotiation with Japan.Specific performance of its achievements in:four U.S.airlines continuing to have the right to operate the route reach/through Okinawa,the length of the no-charge period being five years as the State Department directive,deleting the notes? of the schedule of United States and Japan civil air transport agreement,making the Japanese 'government to accept the scheme concerning alternative Continental Airlines.Moreover,understanding memorandums concerning civil air transport business were not included in the return agreement in the legal procedure.These three Okinawa civil aviation rights understandings were closely linked to the return of the Ryukyu Islands negotiations but relatively separated with the items specified in the text of Ryukyu Islands and the daito islands agreement.These secret understandings also have an important influence on later basic pattern of civil aviation transport rights between U.S.and Japan,at the same time,providing a new research perspective for us to cognize U.S.-Japan international economic relations and the friction between the United States and Japan in the international economic field since 1970s.In conclusion,administrative rights of Ryukyu Islands reversion negotiations between U.S.and Japan changed the provisions of article third of the San Francisco peace treaty.As a result,the U.S.-Japan security system has entered a new period of development.