Monographic Study On The Function&Evolution Of “Y?u (?) X” And Correlated Phenomena

In Mandarin,“y?u X(? X)” can be seen as the verb-object construction,which shows different evolutionary results through the diachronic and synchronic changes.The emergence of related semantic components highlights the structure of “y?u X+ yú(?)+O”.But “y?u X yú(? X ?)” can not enter the Chinese vocabulary collections.The restriction of rhyme mechanism and pragmatically economic intervention compel “yú” to be zero-form.The consequences of the zero-form of “yú” induced the reinterpretation about the property of “y?u X” and the extolorization of “y?u X”.“S+ y?u X +Vp” is the prerequisite and basic context of further grammaticalization of “y?u X”.It generated from the construction of “S+ y?u X +Np”.Under the syntactic environment,“y?u X” can be reanalyzed as an adverb.“Y?u X+ Vp” and “adv.+ Vp” are parallel structures.Under the strong power of analogy,“y?u X” has possibly been re-analyzed as an adverb.As the token of“y?u X”,“y?u wàng(??),y?u g?n(??),y?u yì(??),y?u xìng(??),y?u sh?(??)”and“y?u dài(??)”appeared in different historical periods,had different evolutional paths.From the synchronic level,“y?u X”has shown a similar lexicalization continuum.That is:Cross-layer structure to Prosodic words to Grammatical words to Lexical words.The adverbalization of“y?u wàng(??),y?u xìng(??),y?u yì(??)”,the adjectivelization of“y?u g?n(??)”,the formal verbalization of“y?u dài(??)”and the cliticalization of“y?u sh?(??)”are the results of the further grammaticalization of“y?u X”.The grammaticalization of“y?u(?)”,the lexicalization of“y?u+X”and the grammaticalization of“y?u X”are all related with the syntactic&semantic status of“y?u”and“y?u+X”.The quantity of semantic information and the possibility of grammaticalization of“y?u”and“y?u X”have inherent links.When losing semantic core status,“y?u”is more prone to be grammaticalization.As the same,the semantic status between“y?u X”and Vp also decides the evolution of“y?u X”.The syntactic position of “y?u X” shifts to left and to be externalization,as a result of external representation for the degree of grammaticalization and the enhancement of the subjectiveness.Along with the further grammaticalization,“y?u X” evolved from the modifier of core predicate to the modifier of entire predicate.In this process,the syntactic position of “y?u X” is gradually shifted to left.It's externalization.All of these follow principle of Reverse Reduction.During the grammaticalization,lexical meanings of “y?u X” are weakening while pragmatic functions are enhancing.This can be regarded as the principium of Gain and Loss in Conservation of Mass.Different degrees of evolution lead to differences in the syntactic,semantic an d pragmatic functions of “y?u X”.“Y?u wàng” is developing into a commentary adverb which can express modality.“Y?u yì” is a descriptive adverb with practical lexical meaning.“Y?u xìng” is a descriptive adverb with practical lexical meaning,as well as commentary function.“Y?u dài” suppresses the subsequent statements of the verb,highlighting the veracity of verbs.The more obvious the action or verb characteristics of Vp,the more obvious the formal feature of “Y?u dài”.For “y?u sh?”,the degree of grammaticalization is deepening,so the lexical meaning is blurring,the pragmatic function is generalizing,gradually missing the status of being independent word,tending to be sticking,and at last to be a clitic.In Mandarin,“y?u +Np?” is a high-yielding construction with a special semantic function and a high used frequency.“y?u” shows the meaning of existence or possession.Np? shows the degree of abstraction.“y?u +Np?” expresses the constructive level.All of them are revealed as the form of a continuum.The highest degree of construction of “y?u Np?”is to be an adverb.The structure of “Y?u +Vp” went through three stages:prosperity,recession and revival.The whole progress paralleled to the diachronic development of Chinese.“Y?u +Vp”,“y?u +Np” and “méi y?u+Vp” are symmetrical structures.Under the frame of “Y?u +Vp”,“y?u” developed from an existential verb to a commentary adverb with the confirm function.The grammaticalization and subjectivization of “y?u” is an interactive process.The aspect auxiliary functions of “y?u” come from the commentary adverb of “y?u”.The internal mechanism of this process is re-analysis.Under the general commonality of language typology,the validation function of “y?u” can be regarded as the generalized perfective aspect.