The Reseach Of Tribal Society In Sudan

The Sudan was only a geographical concept before the formation of the country,which refers to the "black people's land".The archeologies and anthropologies' research show that the world's first human is likely to be born here.The early humans of the Sudanese region followed the process of development from the clan to the tribe,then to the tribe group,and the mode of production and the form of social organization were at a low level for a long time.At the end of the 4,000 BC,the kingdom of Nubia established and have lasted for more than 3,400 years,had extensive contacts and communions with the ancient Egyptian kingdom.Then the Arabs,Turks migranted or invaded the Sudan,before and after,formed more than 600 tribes on the vast land.The tribe,as the most basic social organization in the Sudan,maintained its stable form throughout the north and south and continued for several hundred centuries.From the beginning of the establishment of the Nubian kingdom,there also have the Funj Sultanate and the Fur Sultanate,they had a strong political and economic power and created a splendid civilization.The internal basic social organizations of these kingdoms were were still based on tribes.Althoug the Nuba area and the present South Sudan region were not within the scope of the kingdom rule,there were also a number of independent tribes on the land,whose tribal language,organizational system and tribal civilization showed multifariously.During the period of the Turks and Egyptians 'common rule period(1821-1885),the Turks and Egyptians annexed and integrated the various regions of the Sudan in the form of violence and slave trade,which broke the tribal's divisions and formed the current geographical map of the Sudan state,but did not change the nature of tribal civilization.The Mahdiya revolt in Turkiya later period(1881-1898),set off an big Islamic political movement and had a strong great political influence and religious influence in the Sudan,laid the foundation for the later sectarian political movement in the Sudan.Mahdi launched Jihad war to against the souther people,the frequent attacks of Mahdi army intensified the instability of the South society and the economy,the demeaning they made on the southern tribes even beyond the period of the Mahdiya period.Anglo-Egyptian Period(1899-1936),The main tribal composition and category of the northern Sudan were Ja'aliyyin and the Danagla tribal group,Guhayna tribal group and the non-Arab tribes.The southern Sudan formed the main tribe categories of the Nilotes,the Nilo-Hamite tribe and the Sudan tribes.The British colonists built the administrative system,forged the embryonic form of the Sudanese nation-state,prohibited the slave trade,implemented the indirect rule and closed-districts bill,used the identity division to define the huge differences between the northern Arabs and southern African blacks people.After the inderpendence of Sudan(1956-2011),the identity of the Arab and non-Arabs,whites and blacks,Muslims and Christians was inherited and strengthened by the post-independence Sudanese government,and the northern Arabian tribes manipulated Sudan's political and economic policies through the implementation of Arabization and Islamization to expend their power,resulting in other tribes such as the Nuba,Darfur,Beja,Dingka,Nuer and other tribes were in the marginalized state,thus forced the southerners to rely on war for independence which was the only way to recognize themselves,and the northern marginalized westernen people,the eastern people and the Nuba people also joined the battle for a fair and equitable allocation of resources and national identity.After the North-South Sudan split(2011 to date),North Sudan is still facing economic difficulties and regional disputes and other issues.As the world's youngest country,South Sudan is also facing the development of economic,political and national identity construction and other tasks.Sudan's two civil wars,the Darfur crisis,the ongoing deterioration of the Nuba conflict,the eastern problems,the South Kordofan,Abyei and the Blue Nile disputes,as well as the civil war just happened soon since the independence of the South Sudan,whose internal roots are not derived from racial hatred,but from the uneven economic distribution and regional marginalization.The only way to successfully resolve the conflict is to grant marginalized tribal groups the right to share wealth and power fairly and to implement political inclusion.