Gradual Changes Of The Daily Life Conditions And The Mentality Of The Governmental Officials And Teaching Staff In The Large Back Areas During The Anti-Jpanese War

The Public officials and teaching staff' is the general name for the government public officials and school teachers and staff and in the society of Republic of China of years 1912-1949,the government educators are a class of elite and form the foundation of ruling of the government and ensure the normal operation of the government.And the teachers and teaching staff are the ‘pool of intellectuals' of the government and provide intellectual support to the government.The public officials and the teaching staff is also a middle class,a link between the government and mass and plays role of controlling ideas and thoughts,educating and leading the ‘civilian souls ' of that time.Hence both the public officials and the teachers and teaching staff play important role in fields of societal politics and culture.In particular,the public officials and teachers and teaching staff in large back area during anti-Japanese war migrated to southwest China in large numbers and account for large proportion of population no matter viewed from its own class size and from the whole size of migrants inward.What's more important is that the public officials and teaching staff provides spiritual support to the government and people to fight against the Japanese thoroughly to the final victory which is important to the proceeding direction of Chinese history and the historic progress of this class in back area of the war.The anti-Japanese war involves China as a traditional agricultural country into a modern war.During the whole period of war in addition to imminent threat from military pressure,the toughest problem in front of the government in the Public of Country in 1912-194 in respect of anti-Japanese war is namely the financial problem.Facing challenges of domestic strife and foreign aggression,the government due to insufficiency of productivity and lack of self-relieving ability can only resort to over ssue paper money as the solution to the short of finance.The necessary consequence of this overissue is virulent inflation which further leads to uncontrollable soar rise of prices and finally plunges the civilian life into poverty.This is a link reaction as well as a vicious circulation.The class of public officials and the teaching staff suffer most from the inflation.Abiding by living code that traditional ‘scholars' shall ‘seek for reasons instead of food',this class usually is poor at ability of self making life and the outbreaking of the war deprived their additional source of income.Hence during the war period the public officials and teaching staff could only solely depended on salary from the government for living.In the special time and place of history in the large back area,with the soar rise of prices,the daily life of the public officials and teaching staff was considerably affected and virtually descended into status of ‘nine beggers out of ten scholars '.What's more,with the sliding down of economic condition of the public officials and teaching staff they couldn't take care of themselves and being the spiritual leaders of the mass was out of the question.During the war period the traditional social order of priority ‘scholar,farmer,worker and merchant' was completely upside –down.Due to the simultaneous sliding down of economic and social positions of the public officials and teaching staff none of the basic demands of people as ‘physical,safety,love,respect and self development ',the five basic needs according to Maslow was satisfied,which,without doubt,broke the bottom line of the public officials and teaching staff who were modern “scholars” seeking for knowledge and accepting poverty.These officials and teaching staff suffered lack of material which led to spiritual‘injustice'.The mass mentality of the public officials and teaching staff experienced transformation from stand of supporting the government to unsupporting it.The transformation of the mentality of the public officials and teaching staff in large back areas can be divided into following stages:1.Transition stage of the mentality of the public officials and teaching staff in the large back areas(1937-1939)In 1937 the anti-Japanese war broke out overally the richest coastal areas of China were occupied by the Japanese army in short time and income of the Republic government reduced sharply.The luck thing was that China was an agricultural country which obtained food depending on weather and the primary influence on prices was grain food instead of industrial product.In the two years of 1937 and 1938 there were successive two years' grain harvest which mitigated the rise of prices to some extent.For the public officials and teaching staff living in the large back area,they felt superior to others for they were paid in French money and enjoyed favourable exchange rate between French money and local money and enjoyed superior position as a governmental staff to local ordinary people.What's more,the public officials and teaching staff were motivated by the traditional morality of ‘Every man alive has a duty to his country' and were also motivated by the national passion of ‘fighting against Japanese and saving out nation'.In that period of time the popular public officials and teaching staff had mentality of ‘excited mentality' spiritually and in their action theyengaged themselves in movement of anti-Japanese and saving nation actively.In 1939 with the more fierce attach of Japanese army the connection between the large back areas and the provinces in east China and Indo-China area was cut off meanwhile large number of refugee migrants poured to the large back areas which greatly reduced out sources and consumed internal sources.At that period the living standard of the governmental officials and teaching staff greatly lowered down.In addition the failure of battle also made the public officials and teaching staff start to realize the nature of lasting and hardship of war and their excited mentality in early stage began to cool down and was replaced with ‘frustrated mentality' in spirit which found express in their actions of ‘negative and slack working'.Generally,the mentality of the public official and teaching staff was in transition basically from excitement to frustration.2.Quantitative transformation of mentality of the public officials and teaching staff in the large back areas(1940-1941)In 1940 Yichang,which was the strategic passage and gorge in waterway of Yangtze River which transportation to back area was depended on,was occupied and controlled by the Japanese and the roads between Yunnan-Murma and roads between Yunnan-Vietnam were cut,which caused the severe short of materials in large back area.This year also became the turning point of inflation of China.Facing the abrupt disast events and soar rise of prices the public officials and teaching staff generally demonstrated their ‘panic mentality' and in action they started asking for rise of salary,‘change of jobs' in self-organized mass actions.In 1941 food failure and stoppage emerged in the large back areas and social turmoil occurred accordingly.The public officials and teaching staff started to feel pessimistic for the future of the anti-Japanese war and showed generally ‘confusion mentality' only hoping earlier end of war.At that period of time the officials and teaching staff took conscious actions of mass and started appealing for improving treatment to superior level by level.Because the rise of price mostly was accompanied by the ‘fatigue bombing' of Japanese to the back areas the rise of prices in the large area was temporarily put aside while military pressure was placed in first place.The attention of the public officials and teaching staff was switched and transferred.In spite of the emerging dissatisfaction with the government self –constraint was made by them.Generally in that period of time the public officials and teaching staff were experiencing a qualitative transformation period of mentality of panic and confusion.3.Transition period of mentality of the public officials and teaching staff(1942-1943)After the outbreak of Pacific War and disappearance of Shanghai,the ‘isolated island' and Japanese occupation of Hongkong,the smuggling channel via sea was completed blocked and cut for the back areas and the desert road connected to Russiaand the ‘Hump Course' couldn't satisfy the demand for materials of back areas and vicious inflation further intensified.It was noted that Japanese placed almost all marine and airforces to the battlefield of Pacific Ocean war and could not implement scaled bombing to the large back areas.The emphasis of attach of Japanese land force was focused on the anti-Japanese democratic base areas while the back areas were temporarily ‘separated 'from the war.With the relieved military pressure,the price problem which was put aside in earlier period and covered was brought to the attention in the large back area.The Public government was blamed for lack of control of prices.In 1942 with the successive victories achieved in battlefield of Pacific Ocean War the public officials and teaching staff were hopeless toward expectation for earlier end of war and generally demonstrated ‘depressed mentality'and burst into dissatisfaction to the government.The mass actions began escalading.In 1943 the failure of government's policy of limiting prise rise led to turning point of mentality from quantitative accumulation to qualitative change of the public officials and teaching staff.The public officials and teaching staff began showing their “doubtful mentality” toward the ability of the government meanwhile the mass actions were more and more frequent and started pinpointing the government.It is said that ‘People who have no faith can not stand' and in that period of time Jiangjieshi has virtually lost faith of people.Viewed in a comprehensive way the public officials and teaching staff held the mentality of transition from quantity to quality nature.4.quality change of mentality of the public officials and teaching staff(1944-1945)In 1944 the industrial productivity dropped while agricultural harvest was gained in the back areas.The prices once dropped but the at that time the public officials could no longer sustain the burden of life and generally demonstrated ‘struggling mentality'.The complete failure of Yuxiangui battles exposed the corruption of KMT government and ultimately defeated the bottom line of endurance of the public officials and teaching staff.The public officials and teaching staff took actions of starting raising public criticism to the government.In 1945 with the resumption of Japanese attack the prices rose sharply again and the public officials and teaching staff demonstrated ‘despair mentality' and the abrupt victory of anti-Japanese war was only narrow victory in their eyes.The temporary wild of joy of the victory could hardly cover the despair of people toward the government.The public officials and the teaching staff took actions of mass betrayals against the government and their complaints fulfilled in their heart had transformed into requirement for governmental transformation and even revolution.In general,the public officials and teaching staff experienced mentality of ‘quality transformation' in a summary.The transformation of the mentality of the public officials and teaching staff caused two consequences.First consequence is that the mentality transformation of the public officials and teaching staff causes the alienation of the elites class from government.The Public government,after through eight years' anti-Japanese war,are completed corrupted in all aspects as economy and political areas and the public officials and teaching staff out of despair adopted attitudes of having nothing to do with the government which enabled government's failure of normal operation.What's more,the public officials and teaching staff were attracted and taken in by the group opposing to the government.The collapse of the elite class of the system surely decided the trend of later Chinese history in great extent.The other consequence is that the public officials and teaching with changed mindset became ‘group broken away from the system '-namely people outside the main social order of that time period.In anti-Japanese war due to lowering of economic position of the public officials and teaching staff,people generally showed no respect for and even looked down upon this public official and teaching class.The social status of this class elites slided down to edge and what's more,the embossed living of the public officials and teaching staff forced them to resort to making living by means of face-losing,even against traditional morality and risking danger in desperation.This way of making living made the public officials and teaching staff feel ashamed of themselves during their reflections.Loss of self identification made lack of self of confidence of the public staff and teaching staff and doubt about their self value and their once steadfast beliefs started shaking.In general,the double losses of social and self identifications forced the public officials and teaching staff as a elite class affiliated inside the system of government to become the ‘group broken away from the system' at last.