A Research On The Unconventional Structure "V+N" In Phrases With Monosyllabic Verbs Related To "Moving"

In modern Chinese,in structures such as“走眼（zou yan）”,“跑腿（pao tui）”,“奔小康（ben xiao kang）”and“逛灯（guang deng）”,the syntactic forms do not conform to the rule that self-sufficient verbs are generally not joined by nominal objects after them.Also,in terms of semantics,they cannot be inferred from the combination between the verb and the noun.This kind of unconventional structure is widely used in modern Chinese,and has to be included in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.But as the exception of the universal language rule,it becomes a difficulty in teaching.This paper attempts to take as the research object the unconventional“V+N”structure in phrases with monosyllabic verbs related to“moving（行走xing zou）”,analyze its semantic and pragmatic characteristics,probe into its formation processes,mechanisms and causes,and finally to build the hierarchy of the unconventional structure itself.In view of the typicality and feasibility,the research objects are defined as the“V+N”structure consisting of six monosyllabic verbs with a meaning related to“moving”:“走（zou）”,“跑（pao）”,“奔（ben）”,“逛（guang）”,“遛（liu）”,and“踱（duo）”.Through an exhaustive search of the BCC corpus,this thesis classifies the“V+N”structures,and studies the interface between the image schema and sentence semantics based on the Motion Image Theory,the Prototype Theory and the Metaphor Metonymy Theory in cognitive linguistics,together with the Cooperation Principles in pragmatics,the theory of semantic evolution,and lexical semantics.This research is done through a combination of systematic research and case analysis.The case studies in this paper have reference values for dictionary compilation;the hierarchy of unconventional structures has practical significance to stratified teaching in international education of the Chinese language;furthermore,the exploration of the unconventional structure rule contributes to the regulation of the Chinese language system.The main contents are as follows:This thesis is composed of 18 chapters,divided into three parts.Chapter One and Chapter Two are the first part with the introduction,the research object and the definition of the unconventional structure.Based on the previous class definition of“moving（行走xing zou）”and taking Modern Chinese Dictionary as the retrieval object,the research objects are defined with due considerations to the following factors:the use frequency of the verb in modern Chinese,the relative frequency between ancient and modern Chinese,the semantic meaning of the verb itself,and the typicality and coverage of the“V+N”structure in the use of the verb.The paper also adopts syntactic insertion,deletion and displacement to define the unconventional structure.The second part extends from Chapter Three to Chapter Fifteen,which researches the unconventional structure“V+N”with the moving-related monosyllabic verb.Among them,Chapter Three to Chapter Nine study the“走（zou）+N”structure with the prototype verb“走（zou）”,and Chapter Ten to Chapter Fifteen study the structures of other phrases including“跑（pao）+N”,“奔（ben）+N”,and“逛（guang）/遛（liu）/踱（duo）+N”.The third part consists of Chapter Sixteen to Chapter Eighteen,which explores the processes,mechanisms and causes of the formation of the unconventional structure,sorts out the processes of the lexicalization,and proposes a system to rate the level of the unconventionality of the structure itself.And finally,the limitations of this research are put forward,and the prospect for related future research is discussed.The conclusions are as follows:Firstly,the“V+N”structure with moving-related verbs can be categorized into conventional and unconventional types in an evolutionary continuum.The main reason for defining the conventional structure is the semantic compliance of the verb and the noun,such as“走路（zou lu）”,“奔机场（ben ji chang）”and“遛狗（liu gou）”.The conventional structure is the underlying configuration of the unconventional structure.Within the spatial domain,“走路（zou lu）”is the basis for“走小路（zou xiao lu）/水路（shui lu）/回头路（hui tou lu）/钢丝（gang si）/后门（hou men）/台（tai）”;between different cognitive domains,the structure of the spatial domain“奔机场（ben ji chang）”is the basis for that of the event domain such as“奔小康（ben xiao kang）/主题（zhu ti）”.But in the process of language evolutions,an unconventional structure can also evolve into a conventional structure,as in the case of“遛（liu）+N”,in which the conventional structure“遛弯（liu wan）”evolves in to unconventional structures like“遛（liu）+地摊（di tan）/早（zao）/腿（tui）”,which in turn evolve into conventional structures such as“遛（liu）+鸟（niao）/狗（gou）/娃（wa）”under the trend of precipitation with righteousness.Secondly,from the case analysis,we can see that the semantic condition of the formation of the unconventional structure lies in the glosseme variation of the verb and the precipitation of the accompanying meaning.The unconventional structure is the result of a trade-off between the refined expression of the language and the simplicity of the linguistic form,which embodies the principle of information sufficiency in order.For example,in the case of“走样（zou yang）”,the“displacement”meaning of“走（zou）”-“变化（bian hua）”,matches“样（yang）”in the time domain,which in the meantime degrades the emotional meaning in pragmatics;while in the case of“走眼（zou yan）”,the“displacement”meaning of“走（zou）”is connected with“眼（yan）”in the mental domain,and the phrase carries a subjective tendency to shun the responsibility;and in“跑（pao）+腿（tui）/龙套（long tao）/单帮（dan bang）”,however,the attribute connotation of“跑（pao）”-“费力（fei li）”,which semantically implies“arduousness”,is accompanied by a noun to form a phrase to reflect the subjective“suffering”on the part of the speaker.Thirdly,from the research of the system,it becomes evident that“V_{行走（xing zou,to move）}+N_path”and“走（zou）/跑（pao）+N_life”have evolved in parallel,while“走（zou）+N _destination”,“走（zou）+N_target”and“走（zou）+A”form an inheriting relationship between them in structure.The parallel evolution is characterized bya consistent basic meaning and semantic changes in the speed in the transition of“走（zou）”to“跑（pao）”,“奔（ben）”,“逛（guang）”,“踱（duo）”,and“遛（liu）”.A common basic meaning helps form the unconventional parallel structure of“V_{行走（xing zou,to move）}+N _path”,while the changes in the velocity related meaning contribute to the variation of the structures.The parallel evolution of“走（zou）/跑（pao）+N_life”is due to the transition in the semantic continuity between“走（zou）”and“跑（pao）”.The inheriting relationship between“走（zou）+N_{destination/target/trait（A）}”is caused by the process of“走（zou）+N_destination”from the spatial domain to the event domain and finally to the trait domain.Fourthly,the mechanism of the formation of unconventional structures is through analogy and reanalysis.According to the evolution path of the unconventional structure,the steps are divided to construct the hierarchy of the unconventionality of the structures,which is positively correlated to the lexicalization of the unconventional structures.The formation of unconventional structures is mainly through two ways:either to transform,add,and retract in the spatial image schema,or to project to different cognitive domains.In the first way,“走钢丝（zou gang si）/台（tai）/江湖（jiang hu）”reflects the deformation of the path elements in“走（zou）+N_path”;while“跑一百米（pao yi bai mi）/第一名（di yi ming）”forms the“跑（pao）+N _race”structure by adding living elements to the“跑（pao）”image schema.In the second way,“走（zou）/跑（pao）+题（ti）/味（wei）”and“奔（ben）+N _target”（奔小康[ben xiao kang]/主题[zhu ti]）reflects the formation of“走（zou）/跑（pao）”from the spatial domain to the time domain and then the event domain.Its mechanism is analogy and reanalysis.“小路（xiao lu）”,“水路（shui lu）”,and“回头路（hui tou lu）”are entered into the“走（zou）+N _path”structure through the analogy of“路（lu）”.The variation between different cognitive domains is developed through a structural analogy:for example,“走（zou）+N _organs”（e.g.走心[zou xin]）is a development of the“走（zou）+N _path”structure from the spatial domain to the body domain;“跑（pao）+N _target”（e.g.跑项目[pao xiang mu]）is a development of the“跑（pao）+N _destination”（e.g.跑上海[pao shang hai]）structure from the spatial domain to the event domain.However,the reanalysis mechanism mainly exists in the formation of the“V+N _life”structure,as is in the process of the lexicalization of“走兽（zou shou）”and“走狗（zou gou）”.The hierarchy of the unconventional structure is set by adding up the numerical weight of the steps based on the formation mechanism.It can be inferred from the linguistic facts that unconventional structures with 3 or more steps in the formation path are basically idiomatic or lexicalized.