New Research On The History Of Northern Liang-Interleaved Study With The Use Of Multiple Historical Materials

Lushuihu ethnic group lived in Hexi region sprang up in Han dynasty.Juqu clan was enfeoffed as king of Beidi in Early Liang regime.Juqu Mengxun's father Fahong had held the post of Zhongtian Hujun.The Zhongtian Hujun of Late Liang regime was Ma Sui,who was likely to be a Lushuihu.After Juqu Mengxun established the Northern Liang regime under the govern of Juqu family,the system of the wife's eldest son's right of succession to the throne was established,but in reality,there were still several times that the inheritance of the throne was a younger brother's succeeding to the throne after his elder brother's death.When Juqu Mujian came to power,he might possible have killed the crown former princes Juqu Puti.Before Juqu Mujian and Juqu Anzhou came to power,they both tried to confirm their identitiy as legal heir through the way to be princes or to act as a regent,which was conducive to the smooth transition of kingship.Juqu Zu and Juqu Wannian had capitulated to Northern Wei before Juqu Mujian's capitulation,which accelerated the collapse of Northern Liang in a high grade.In addition,there were already some officials of Northern Liang had capitulated to Northern Wei in 436.A variety of rumors and augury emerged before Guzang city breached.There was a high possibility that Northern Wei forged some of them,at the purpose of guiding public opinion for its attack on Northern Liang.Even after Juqu Mujian had led large number of people moved to the east,Juqu Wuhui still kept fighting with Northern Wei's troop in Hexi region.Zhengxi Zhen Jiuquan Hou Dushe Liufu manipulated all the affairs of Zhengxi Jiangjun Fu when Wuhui was not in Jiuquan.In Northern Liang's migration process from Hexi corridor to Turfan basin,there were still some government officials of Northern Liang capitulated to Northern Wei,because the way from Hexi corridor to Turfan basin was extremely hard.Either Duan Ye or Juqu Mengxun chosed to proclaim himself duke at first,and then proclaim himself king.Some close relatives or influential officials were granted to the rank of nobility such as duke,marquess and baron.Left Changshi was set subordinated to the kingdom bureaucratic system.Zhongwei and Changshi were set subordinated to the duke and marquess bureaucratic system.In Northern Liang Erfu system and Taisheng system had been implemented successively.As for Erfu system,Dudu Fu was the main department,Zhangshi was the chief executive.Along with the establishment of Taisheng system,then Erfu system was gradually abolished.Four main departments were established in Northern Liang.They were Shangshu Sheng,Zhongshu Sheng,Menxia Sheng and Mishu Sheng.The chiefs of Shangshu Sheng were Left Cheng and Right Cheng.Their subordinates are Libu Shangshu,Bingbu Shangshu,Minbu Shangshu and Duguan Shangshu.Da Xingtai also was set up in Northern Liang.The minister of Zhongshu Sheng was called Zhongshu Shilang,while the minister of Menxia Sheng was called Menxia or Huangmeng Shilang.We still don't know what the minister of Mishu Sheng was called.Mishu Kaoke Langzhong was set being responsible for revising books.In addition,Northern Liang also set the positions such as Yushi,Dianzhong Shiyushi,Fengchang,Taishi Ling,Zhujiao,Boshi,Taizi Xianma and Donggong Shijiang,and so on.Menxia Jiaolang and Zhongbing Jiaolang were set in the Central Administrative Institutions,which suggests that Northern Liang attach great importance to the post of Jiao.The Fuguo general was a high powerful position.Wuwei,Left Wei,Right Wei and Dianzhong general were set affiliated to the guard military system.Hardly any member of Juqu clan took the civil official post affiliated to Central Administrative Institutions.Instead,most of them took the positions of prefectures' magistrate or general.The Jun—Zhuang system was implemented in Northern Liang's army.Jun's commander was called Jun Jiang.The commander of Zhuang was called Zhuang.Northern Liang had jurisdiction over Liangzhou,Qinzhou and Shazhou.After Juqu Mengxun took Guzang city into Northern Liang's territory,he set Qinzhou.And after the capital of Northern Liang was moved to Guzang,Zhangye became the seat of Qinzhou's local government and Guzang became the seat of Liangzhou's local government.In the beginning,Shazhou's local government seat was in Dunhuang,but finally,moved to Jiuquan.There were at least Zhongtian,Dunhuang and Wulan three Hujuns in Northern Liang.Lianxing prefecture,Jinshan prefecture and Huangchuan prefecture were newly added by Northern Liang.Using the unearthed document,we can supplement Yumen prefecture's magistrate Gong Bin,Jiaohe's prefecture magistrate Qu Ningsun and Zhang Xingzong,Huanghe prefecture's magistrate Fang Encheng and Zhang Xingzong,Ledu prefecture's magistrate Zhang Zhang,Xincheng prefecture's magistrate Zhang Xingming,Gaochang prefecture's magistrate Kan Shuang and Juqu Fengdai,Dunhuang prefecture's magistrate Zhao Bin and Juqu Fengdai,Xijun prefecture's magistrate Qu Yi,and Suoyu(Suozuo)who may had been the magistrate of Jinchang prefecture.Among the staff members of local government in Northern Liang,there were at least two Jiaocao Zhubus and two Jiaocao Shuzuos.In government system,from the Wuguan to Gongcao Shi,then to Zhubu,finally to Jiaocao Zhubu was the normal promotion order.One can promote one by one,and of course can leapfrog promotion.The Document about running water of Northern Liang gives us a good example that how Bingcao,Cangcao,Hucao,Jincao and Yuanshi Cao cooperated with officials of county government.Qinghe Fang clan,Hongnong Yang clan and Guangping Chen clan all had got further development in Northern Liang.Along with the expanded of Northern Liang's territory,the attitude of Xianbei tribe towards Northern Liang changed from hostile to surrender gradually.Tufa clan and Lu clan were the important Xianbei family,whose members had taken official post in Northern Liang.Northern Liang allied Western Qiang and Eastern Qiang against Western Qin.Juqu Mengxun's wife Peng may came from Qiang tribe.Some members of Gaochang Wei family held the post of assistant staff in Gaochang during Northern Liang period,which may had relation to Wei Ren served as the magistrate of Gaochang.After the demise of Southern Liang and Western Qin,Northern Liang invaded into Hehuang region.The battle in the north of Qinghai Lake conquested of Beihe and Wuti tribes of Xianbei ethnic,at the purpose of expanding the territory and securing the road which through Shaodi crossing Lenglong mountain linking up Hexi region and Hehuang region.The border between Northern Liang and Western Qin in Qinghai region was stabilized in south of Qilian Mountain.Northern Liang had maintained good relationship with Tuyuhun for a long time.After moving to Turpan basin,Northern Liang took Shanshan,Qiemo,Yanqi and Gaochang into its control gradually.Northern Liang not only handicapped Rouran's southward,but also blocked-up the exchanges between Northern Wei and Western regions.