| China has a vast territory and a large number of handcraft industries, each region's difference is bigger and there has multi-structure in its social economy. Because eastern and central China belong to cotton area and reeling area, as well as cotton and reeling are the most typical handcraft industries in handcraft industry, so naturally their handcraft industry are more prominent than Yunnan-Guizhou plateau's where has mountains and rains and less fields and less lands. Therefore, in the study area, the academia often tends to focus on the eastern and central China and other places where have more developed handcraft industries, and in the study industry, it naturally focuses on cotton-textile and reeling. Even in the macro research works, the content concerned of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau that elaborates by the data that the eastern and central trading ports make the statistics is almost just slightly touched, thus accidentally neglects the position of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in the handcraft industry in modern China and the linkage relationship with the market, as well as the process of its rise and change.Based on this,this paper takes dialectical materialism as its guidance, combines the integrated modern capitalist world market and the special natural and historical environment in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, reasonably uses the theory of "suitable technology" in development economics and linkage and integration of regional economy, as well as mountainous-area economy, etc, puts the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau into the whole process of China and the world trade from two sets coupling relationship of the micro and macro and the static and dynamic, discusses the change of the raw materials and market and others of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China through a relatively long continuous time study. It answers how the modern handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau rises and changes, how the raw materials and semi-finished products by hand carry on the linkage and integration with other places, how the businessmen of operating hand-made raw materials and semi-finished products run, what the government performance is in its promoting the change of handcraft industry, what changes about the trade routes are before the start of industrialization in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in the 1880's to the national government moved to Chongqing in 1938, what kind of influence the industrialization and the trade routes change plays upon the handcraft industry and economy and society in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China in the special circumstances of mountains and rainy, less field and less land, lack of transportation, little cotton production and poor economic foundation.Judging from this paper's development context, it takes that the businessmen of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces begun to resell machine-made cotton yarn to Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and opium's attraction to the businessmen out-of-town funds, technology and other places in 1951 as a cut-in point, move round resources ?businessmen that the intermediary of linkage market and resource?market as the main line, based on affirming the opium has irrefragable negative influence upon people's physical and mental health and society, combine with the special historical environment at home and abroad, use economic geography to carry out some comparative study on Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and eastern and central China and other places. As Chengdu-Chongqing the same belongs to southwestern region, it was not only cotton base area, had a good textile foundation and machine-made cotton yarn's import was later than Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, but also first importing machine-made piece goods was in a way of consumer goods in the import foreign goods, while Yunnan-Guizhou plateau that cotton material yet needed to rely on other places first imported foreign yard and later machine-made piece goods was in a way of raw material. Moreover, even in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces being part of Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, because Guizhou province was located in the inland, poorer convenient transportation than Yunnan province, cotton material import was not easy, the government was in order to make up for the lack of cotton material that resulted in that sericulture in Guizhou province was earlier than Yunnan province.This paper thinks the rise and change of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China results from the combined effect of the special historical and geographical environment. Since modern times, in a series lead by strong push of the capitalist world market and opening trading ports in succession in the surrounding area of Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, as well as in this special time and space background that China still needed to import opium and Yunnan-Guizhou plateau where was mountains and rainy, less field and less land and not fit for cotton was suitable for planting opium, the linkage between Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and domestic and foreign markets was strengthened, the degree of resource integration was relatively improved. Among them, the way in linkage and integration changed from government-led model copper trade salt between Yunnan province and Guangdong province into tin export trade resulted from the own demand at home and abroad. The content on linkage and integration changed from the single trade that the traditional cotton and piece goods basically relied on other provinces into two-way trade that selling foreign yard to Yunnan-Guizhou plateau to trade opium, which made machine-made foreign yarn combine with traditional manual operation and opened the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China. Later, industrialization in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China germinated from mining industry further promoted the development of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China.This paper points out that as the driving factor of the rise of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China, opium's plantation and generalization was not the inevitable outcome of the development of handicraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, but under the strong attraction of the direct-drive of outside force of the trade of the world opium and foreign yarn and others and internal comparative advantage, the opium was widely planted and generalized in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau where had less finances and was just suitable for opium plantation, then the businessmen out of town dare climb mountains and ford streams and followed, they not only brought the high quality and low price machine-made foreign yarn and other raw materials and techniques and tools to Yunnan-Guizhou plateau,who handed down to hand producers in the form of credit buying or reselling, but also resold the native handcraft raw materials and semi-finished products to nonlocal market, which made the handicraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau strengthen the linkage and integration with other places under the pull of the growing demand of the world industrialization raw materials and the drive of taking the businessmen as intermediary. After the establishment of the Republic of China, because the government canceled the mutual aid that begun from the Qing government for a long time and inherited the Qing government's opium-prohibiting policy, which resulted in Yunan and Guizhou provinces suddenly losing two great finances under the condition of the lack of finance. As a result, in the case of beyond the central government's control and lack of finance itself, the Yunnan-Guizhou warlords again took the opium policy of high tax to prohibit that made the handicraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau keep the linkage and integration relationship at home and abroad with the drive of the opium trade. However, Guangzhou, Wuhan and other places were occupied in succession in 1938, the national government moved to Chongqing, then took powerful direct control and fully carried out the opium policy of prohibiting plant, prohibiting smoke and prohibiting carriage, thus suspended the two-way trade that foreign yarn?opium, made the market between Yunnan-Guizhou plateau with domestic and overseas greatly shrink, and then made the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau change into wartime handicraft industry that production all around the war of resistance against Japan.Combine the markets at home and abroad and the local economic geographical condition of Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, strengthen the specialized study on the complex relationship of the linkage and integration between the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and national economy, not only benefit China's the 11th five-year plan to break the provincial administrative divisions, make clear different regions' function orientation, but also be helpful to deepen the understanding about minority areas'social and economic development, and so on, provide some reference value for the linkage and integration of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and the eastern, the middle and western districts in China and Southeast Asia and other places, as well as take resources complementary advantage of inter-area. In addition, this paper defines the starting point of modern handcraft industry from the change of the handcraft industry itself, provide a new clue to study the change of the handcraft industry in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China, that is, under the conditions of traffic inconvenience and poor economic foundation, the handcraft industry's rise in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in modern China was the joint action of the two-way trade of machine-made foreign yarn and opium, it was closely linked to the particular time and space that china still needed to import opium and Yunnan-Guizhou plateau produced less cotton where was just fit for planting opium and then traded foreign yarn. |
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