Study On The Transition Of Agricultural Production Structure From Subsistence Oriented To Market Oriented

Since the economic reform and opening up,the socialist productive forces of China has been rapid developed with fundamental changes in the economic system,the rural China is also undergoing transition.However,the remote mountainous areas in southern Yunnan which is featured by rich resources,diverse climate,complex terrain,away from the market,low productivity and economic backwardness,due to the combined effects of natural,social,historical,cultural,political and other factors.The role of the market economy development is relatively fall behind,and the absolute poverty is still widespread.Therefore,the central and local governments have attached great importance to promote agricultural and rural economic development in mountainous areas of Yunnan comprehensively for more than twenty years.At present,the food production remains the primary production activity of rural households for subsistence in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan,and the means of production is also dominated by self-sufficiency in grain,but the survival needs of the mountainous area of rural households in southern Yunnan can no longer be summed up in brief as grain satisfaction,along with the promotion of agricultural technology advancement,guidance of government policy and improvement of commercialization continuously.The great changes of livelihood of rural households affect the structure of agricultural production,and promote it from survival-oriented based on food crops production to market-oriented based on economic crops production step by step.Therefore,this paper targeted on the main food crops and economic crops planted in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan,to collect the related information comprehensively of transition of agriculture production structure,and use related research achievement both in domestic and abroad for reference.Then,this paper studied on the objective,livelihood conditions,procedure and impact assessment of transition of agriculture production structure in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan,by field surveys and interviews of rural development in typical regions and using economic transition factors for guidance,and put forward constructive suggestions for policies and markets.Firstly,generalize the objective of transition of agriculture production structure in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan,by the analysis of the current characteristics of the market economy,in further,targeted on the changes of the five livelihood capitals of human capital,natural capital,physical capital,social capital and financial capital,to analyze the initial conditions of transition of agriculture production structure.Secondly,analyze the procedure of transition of agriculture production structure in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan.This paper observed the changes happened in planting industryby using provincial statistical data in macro-way,and analyzed the changes of cultivated area,yield,utility and consumption of grain by using rural households survey data in micro-way,then,concluded the transition stage and trend,combined with the division of transition types by rural households' income and production structures.Thirdly,evaluate the impact of transition of agricultural production structure in southern mountainous areas of Yunnan.To analyze the decision-making of agricultural enterprise investment in rural households' behavior by Probit Analysis,assess the influential factors of evolution in rural households' behavior patterns,evaluate agricultural production efficiency by using macro DEA model,and analyze the profit risk of rural households by using standard deviation and factor analysis in the transition of agricultural production structure.The study was not only insight into the livelihoods of rural households,but also evaluated the impact of policy and market mechanism properly on improvement of transition of agricultural production structure,and proved the influence of transition of agricultural production structure in poverty-stricken mountainous area on promotion agricultural economy in further.In addition,this study could provide further empirical evidence on the optimization of production structure adjustment and cultivation of market mechanism,and to develop the theoretical research of transition of agricultural production structure.The innovation of this paper was mainly firstly reflected in the theoretical framework which is constructed by the integration of DFID theory and transition elements.Based on economic transition and sustainable development theory,guided by DFID theoretical framework,and combined with related research literature and agricultural economy development background of Yunnan,this paper constructed analysis framework of transition of agricultural production structure in southern mountainous area of Yunnan.Secondly,to strengthen the research on transition of agricultural production structure by analyzing transition procedure and impact assessment.This paper divided transition type of rural household analyzed transition phase and summarized transition trend,by analyzing the differences in the procedure of macro transition in planting industry and micro transition in grain production.Meanwhile,to analyze the influential factors of rural households' decision-making behavior during the transition,to assess the efficiency of agricultural production and rural households' profit risk,to expand the research of transition of agricultural production structure both in depth and breadth,and contribute to strengthening the research of transition of agricultural production structure and income generation of rural household in mountainous area.Furthermore,this paper focus on research of food security and economy development in ecologically fragile region,especially the poverty cross-border mountain areas,it was also benefit on complementing and extension of research content in the similar areas.The general research conclusion was followed:(1)The transition of agricultural production structure was focused on adjustment of structure of planting industry with rapid income generation.The southern mountainous area of Yunnan was still featured by abundant and scattered resources,disparate productivity,low quality of rural households' education,weak agricultural infrastructure,etc,due to the complex natural conditions and imbalances in socio-economic and cultural development between different regions.Over the past two decades,the transition of agricultural production structure was focused on the decrease of proportion in planting industry,by regression analysis of macro-structure in agricultural production industry in southern mountainous areas of Yunnan.Meanwhile,along with the productivity improvement of grain,the food production substantially increased,the structure of agricultural production and rural economic activities was diversified,the income of rural household rapidly increased,and rural economy was developed in speedy.(2)The differentiate development of rural households' livelihood was the primary condition of transition of agricultural production structure.Firstly,the different rural households' livelihood capitals were foundation for the differentiation development of marketization in southern mountainous area of Yunnan.The comparative analysis among the five livelihood capitals of human capital,natural capital,physical capital,social capital and financial capital displayed that the shortage of rural labor is growing,the rain-fed arable land is the basic capital limit agricultural production in mountainous area and experiencing decrease due to increased population,the public service in agricultural production is still lacking,the sci-tech extension haven't meet the diversification needs of agricultural production in rural households level,and the increased income of rural households with different efficiency is the important capital of agricultural production in mountainous area.Secondly,the development of agricultural enterprise promoted transition by avoiding market risks.This paper analyzed the behavior mode and decision-making of rural households in agricultural production,and supported that agricultural enterprises is a bridge to link the market and rural households,and play a key role in inducing the cultivation of economic crops,then,the rural households change the utilization of land as natural capital.Furthermore,the Probit model analysis indicated that the sustainably improvement of land utilization and satisfaction of food security provide security cooperation between agricultural enterprises and rural households,while the increase of income proportion of economic crops as one of the financial capitals is the determinant to impact on the behavioral change of agricultural plantation of rural households.(3)The transition of agricultural production structure targeted on market-oriented goal in primary stage.The microscopic transition of agricultural production structure in southern mountainous area of Yunnan showed that the grain productivity increasedsignificantly,cultivated area decreased and market consumption deepened,and the transition types showed the preference of production structure of rural households in southern mountainous area of Yunnan is domination of food crops with complementary of economic crops,which was not only reflect the market-oriented goal in transition,but also reflect the passivity in such compromise route due to the absence of core competitiveness and market information.According to "Inverted U" theory in stage analysis of economic development,the transition of agricultural production structure in southern mountainous area of Yunnan was dominated by quantitative change from low-income balanced to high-income balanced,and the overall situation was upgraded from grain production to multi-industry in a sustainable and benign trend.At the same time,the Gini coefficient showed that the income generation of rural households and income distribution inequality increase continuously,the development of rural economy was a primary process of marketization.Secondly,the overall efficiency of agricultural production in southern mountainous area of Yunnan was weak,and the overall development and individual needs cannot be matched all the time by DEA model analysis,the economic development in the transition of agricultural production structure was also in exploratory stage.Then,the result based on standard deviation and factor analysis indicated that the profit risk of single plantation was generally higher than compound plantation,and the profit risk of cultivated area of economic crops accounted for more than 50% was generally lower than the cultivated area of economic crops accounted for lower than 50% in compound plantation,but the benefit was opposite.However,the agricultural production structure was mainly depend on the cultivated area of economic crops accounted for lower than 50%,the adjustment of agricultural plantation structure was slower than the development of market economy,and the transition was in primary stage too.(4)The extension of sci-tech and policy guidance promoted the transition of agricultural production structure.Firstly,the extension of sci-tech in southern mountainous area of Yunnan promoted the transition by changing food consumption patterns.This paper targeted on improved upland rice technology to analyze the food production of upland rice and maize,the result indicated that the productivity of upland rice was improved but the cultivated area decreased,and the saved land was used for maize production as feed grain.Therefore,the “spillover effect” of technology was not only improved the productivity of upland rice,but also improved the productivity of the other food crops.However,the income effect of upland rice as staple food was higher than substitution effect,which reflected the shortage or backwardness of effectiveness of policy in the development of marketization in southern mountainous area of Yunnan.Secondly,during the process of transition of agricultural production structure in southernmountainous area of Yunnan,the specification and encouragement of mechanisms of government played a positive role in promotion,but they were also the problems of integrating with market and ensure market access by the establishment and improvement of market mechanism.The management mechanism of government should play a strong incentive to actively promote the sustainable and benign transition of agricultural production structure.In conclusion,the transition of agricultural production structure was benefited by agricultural sci-tech extension,infrastructure construction,agricultural policy support,market-oriented establishment,etc.However,the problems of handicapped management system,uncompetitive agricultural products,insufficient market information and so forth were still existed.At present,the development of agricultural enterprises reduced the production risks of rural households in some extent,but the market mechanism was remain lag behind,the decision-making of rural households was still conservatively and the investment strategy need to be adjusted in further.Therefore,the general transition of agricultural production structure was good,but remained in primary stage with low efficiency and high profit risk.This paper suggested four proposals in developing and optimizing the transition of agricultural production structure: to reinforce the base of transition and guarantee the stable transition by improving agricultural productivity of mountainous area,;to upgrade the phase of transition by encouraging land intensification and diversification of agricultural production development;to promote the ability of transition by improving agricultural infrastructure construction;to develop the efficiency of transition by optimizing the management mechanism of government.