| Three rural issues about agriculture, the countryside and farmers has always been the focus of attention in China; the core of solving the three rural issues is the rural land system. At present, the agricultural production in China is at the stage of continuous development of specialization, scale-up and marketization. The farmers'lifestyle and the agricultural management way have also changed. Thus, protecting farmers' land rights and realizing a moderate scale of management-right circulation of rural land should be an inevitable trend of the development and transformation of the rural economy. Accordingly, Chinese government has always taken a positive attitude towards the rural land's circulation. The Central Party Committee's Document No. 1 released on 2005 raised the issue of rural land's circulation for the first time and declared that" industry reciprocates agriculture and urban areas support rural areas".Moreover, all of the Central Party Committee's Document No. 1 in the next 11 consecutive years referred to the issue of the rural land's circulation . The policy“Comprehensive Implementation Plan of Deepening the Rural Reform" issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee on 2015 clarified the policy that rural land property system would transform from "Division of Two Rights" into "Division of Three Rights" . Therefore, the issue of the rural land's circulation has become the focus of attention again.Rural land is the most basic factors of production for the farmers. It secures farmers' elderly support and medicare security,so it has a strong function of social security . Meanwhile, rural land also takes on the job security and housing guarantee function. Theoretically, the circulation of farmland has been achieved by adjusting the supply and demand, the amount of land and the area of farmland. The aims of the circulation of farmland are to realize the optimal allocation of land resources, human resources and capital, by a perfect land circulation market constructed by legalization and standardization system to improve the land utilization, and then to realize the agricultural scale benefit, living standards and the increase of income for farmers. In order to achieve the orderliness, standardization and moderate scale of rural land's circulation and then to realize the modernization of agricultural management mode with scale benefit by using advanced agricultural technology, the government departments actively promote the development of scale rural land circulation through stabilizing agricultural land property rights, enacting corresponding laws and improving the circulation market service mechanism.However, in practice,the rural land's circulation also exits lots of problems. For example, the decentralization of management and the fragmentation of farmland led to increased trading costs; the unbalanced trading costs which should be paid by counter parties in circulation trading. Because of different educational level and of the ability of negotiation skills and the disequilibrium in receiving information, the transferor will pay excessive market type trading costs, while the transferee will pay excessive management type trading costs. Imperfect rural land circulation market has increased the difficulty of contract selection. Development of farmland still show inefficiency State (even though farmland has a variety of contractual choice of mode,no circulation transactions legal guarantees mobility and more flexible verbal contract is dominant), so as to further increase the cost burden on both sides of the transaction.Imperfect and slow-growing markets increase the select difficulty of the contract ,which renders the development of farmland circulation is in low efficiency (even though there is a variety of mode of contractual choice , the verbal contract with more flexible but without transactions legal guarantees is dominant for farmland circulation), so as to further increase the cost burden on both sides of the transaction.Research on rural land circulation is very abundant from various viewpoints,such as economics of laws studies the ownership of rural land, modern economics discuss the equilibrium of rural land market, and spatial econometrics investigate the replacement of land space and so on. However, there are still many problems to be studied. Such as, is the farmer's choice for rural land circulation pattern always subjected to transaction costs in various regional locations and under different environmental conditions? What factors affect the choice of transaction cost and contract? Does the cause of transaction cost and the fee of transaction cost affect the selection of contract and the smooth implementation of following process step? In this paper, based on the analysis of real objective of farmers in rural land circulation, the studies on contract choice and transaction costs was carried out by game theory method in order to seek out how to overcome the low efficiency in rural land circulation. Meanwhile,through a systematic summary and a comparative study of the transfer of agricultural land in typical rural area, this paper studies if the transaction cost does affect farmers' contract choice, and where different modes of contract reduces the transaction costs, so as to promote the relationship between theory and reality of Rural Land System Reform. These studies not only can enrich the theory study of mode of the rural land circulation and also can provide a directive significance for the large-scale circulation of farmland.Based on the analysis of the institutional change of china rural farmland circulation and the achievement in history, this paper present general rules of the system change of rural land circulation: rural land circulation relies on the level of development of the productive forces; the determinant role of government cannot be replaced in the system of rural land circulation;the innovation and diversification of land circulation modes should focus on the scale benefits of land and the improvement of the farmer income; the innovation of farmer circulation mode should thoroughly consider the constraints of land resources; the innovation of farmer circulation should pay much attention to the improvement of the facilities in transfer market. Based on the studies of the influence of the trading costs and different contract on the rural land circulation, this paper shows that the trading costs and different contract directly effect the behavior of choice in rural land circulation. Combining with the studies of the different circulation mode in different typical area by considering the circulation mode and the contract form dependent on trading costs, this paper proposed a land circulation mode. The main content is divided into seven chapters:The first chapter is the introduction. First of all, this paper elaborates the research background, puts forward the problem, and then clears the significance of research,research framework and methods, and finally extracts the full text of innovation and deficiencies.The second chapter is the literature review. It is found that the academic circles at home and abroad have carried on the profound research to the land circulation problem, and have many breakthroughs in the research and the innovation of the research method. They have made great enlightenment to the academic literature and research status of the agricultural land circulation at home and abroad. Sexual idea provides a solid academic research foundation and a successful research paradigm reference for this article.The third chapter is the change of rural land system and the real situation of land transfer after the reform and opening up. On the basis of expounding the changes of rural land property right system in China, this paper analyzes the changes and practices of rural land circulation system and analyzes the problems in land circulation.The fourth chapter is the transaction cost,the contract choice and the farmland circulation mode. By comparing the transaction costs involved in the process of land transfer, it is considered that the transaction cost of the market affects the choice of the land transfer mode. The management transaction cost and the political transaction cost affect the implementation of the new business entity and intermediary institution ;Political transaction costs are closely linked with the local government's policy system and financial support.The fifth chapter is the game analysis of transaction cost and farmer's choice of different circulation modes. Using the game model analysis, it is found that the change of the transaction cost of the land transfer causes the change of the transaction cost, and the transaction cost affects the farmer's choice of the circulation mode and the contract in the circulation.The sixth chapter takes Tengzhou model and Dongping land shares cooperative model as the case to carry on the empirical test. It proves that the introduction of the intermediary reduces the transaction cost of the land transfer transaction between the farmer and the new business entity, and improves the feasibility of the contract execution.The last chapter summarizes the paper, and puts forward some policy recommendations and further research questions.The innovation of this paper can be found below:1. This paper classifies the transaction costs of land transfer. It is divided into market-based transaction costs, management transaction costs and political transaction costs, that the market-type transaction costs affect the farmers on the choice of land transfer mode; management transaction costs and political transaction costs affect the implementation of new business entities and intermediaries and implementation of the program; political transaction costs are closely linked with the local government policy system and financial support.2. From the perspective of transaction costs,this paper suggests that due to changes of the contract that from the oral contract into the written contract, the transaction costs in circulation are reduced and the transfer system of land is promoted.3.Through the study of the changes and realities of the land circulation system after the reform and opening up, it is clear that the government's design and change of the land transfer policy and system is the requirement of the development of the productive forces and the it also promotes the agricultural productivity. |
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