On The Income Distribution Of Rural Collective Economic Organizations In China

Farmers' income is low is a subject that China need to address and is also a worldwide problem,which has been widely and deeply studied by domestic and foreign scholars.On this basis,from the perspective of the Chinese rural land ownership reform,with the farmer cooperative economy organization put into China's social and economic historical context which is divided into three stages of private land ownership with individual management,land collective ownership with collective land unification management and collective ownership together with family-run operation under administrative control,this article attempts to clarify the causes of formation of the Chinese farmer cooperative economy organization,development and change,and its evolution path of income distribution system,and to predict the future trend of Chinese farmers income distribution.This paper has researched five parts: the first part discusses the Chinese traditional heritage of farmer economic organization and practice of western cooperation thoughts.On one hand,farmers in the traditional society voluntarily joined into mutual-aided society,club and the united society to deal with emergencies.On the other hand,the spread of western cooperation thoughts and practice promoted the Chinese farmer cooperative movement.Then,by adopting the cooperation thought as national policy,the National Government of China induced the rural cooperative movement,which was combined with the Chinese tithing system to form a valid tool to govern the rural area.During Japan's aggression against China,the farmer cooperatives served for war and puppet government to control people's life and death.The second part discusses the farmer cooperative economy organization in the period of private land ownership with individual operation and income distribution.From 1927 to 1936,the farmer cooperative economy organization was given priority to peer support,gradually to cooperative society with the income distribution according to the stock dividends.After the founding of People's Republic of China,in order to prevent the farmers from selling the land,our country led the people to establish the farmer cooperatives and land public ownership.Members in the cooperatives could discuss and determine the scheme of income distribution by evaluating work score,and the cooperatives allocated the cash,food and the other stuff among the cooperative members after the unified computing.The third part discusses the farmer cooperative economy organization and its income distribution scheme in the period of land collective ownership and the collective operation.Under the management system of "Integration of government administration and commune management " and " three-level ownership by the commune,the production brigade and the production teams" in the rural people's commune,collective labor,unified management were implemented.Quota remuneration and evaluating works score were adopted in distributing the cash and in-kind in the order of state,collective and the individual.Nearly a third of revenues come from the farmer's plot and household sideline production.The fourth part discusses farmer cooperative economy organization and the income distribution in the land collective ownership,the household contract management period."All-round responsibility system" as the main form of family contract operation,met the real demands of farmers.Land contract period was extended from 15 years to 30 years,and then to the permanent.The constitution stipulated that the rural collective economic organizations become effective forms of the socialist collective ownership.Two-tier management system that unified management was combined with independent management was implemented based on household contract management.Policy guidance,the rule of law guarantee and moral order provided a favorable external development environment for the farmer cooperative economy organization and its income distribution.At the same time,new constraints such as property,contracts,and system were further put forward,the answers would lie in the parallel and separation system of the ownership,contract right and operation right.The fifth part researched on the relationship between farmer's income and elements of the farmer cooperative economy organization and its income distribution based on the data of Shanxi province.By collecting the relative data of Shanxi rural residents' income and elements of the farmer cooperative economy organization and its income distribution since 1954,this paper analyzed and compared the trends of salary income,household operation income of Shanxi province,Jiangsu province and the whole country,which would provide scientific evidence for land moderate scale operation.This paper is characterized by historical material investigation and analysis.Firstly,collecting a large number of first hand historical data from Jiajia village of Fenyang county in Shanxi province since 1953,which included 1)the original record scattered in village historiographers and archives,such as work report,production schedule,grain production.Of which,cultivated land area,labor force,the agricultural machinery of different size,et.al.were recorded year by year;and work scoring method and distributing income method according to the grain production,population and work points were recorded item by item and year by year,at the same time,information about the fixed asset of village cooperation and the cultural development were kept track.2)social investigation information from the agricultural management department.The Shanxi government had systematically investigated the basic information of farmer collective economic organization for government management decision making at different development stage by organizing all levels of professionals in parts,which provided for the research authentic and objective transverse section information.3)the oral historical materials from a large number of interviews.Combining the traditional historiography and measuring historiography,this paper quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the relationship between farmer's wage income and business income with the farmer cooperative economy organization income and financial loan support from 1954 to 2015 in Shanxi,Jiangsu and the whole country under the aid of statistical regression model.In this paper,the main innovation includes that the research is reasonable based on the three stages division of the Chinese farmer cooperatives and its income distribution according to the land ownership reforming and rural business system change.Socialist public ownership lays institutional basis for the farmers toward common prosperity.The farmer cooperative economic organizations and income distribution system coincide with the development at the corresponding time and effectively fulfill the mission and provide exploratory practical basis for the new system innovation.The detail conclusion of this paper includes five aspects:1)Farmer's income and the country's benefit decreasing led to the collapse of the rural people's communes.Since 1970,production costs accounted for the proportion of total revenue increased year by year,membership revenue accounted for the proportion of total income was obviously reduced,Facing the higher and higher agricultural production cost,farmers could not get encouragement from group and individual benefit,and reforming the present agricultural operation system become necessary.2)The rural economic system reform is the comprehensive result of the central government deciding,local government management and farmers,choice.The fact that China's economic system reform made first breakthrough in rural area was attributed to the lower reforming cost.After the central committee of the communist party of China set the policy,all-round responsibility system and other forms of agricultural production responsibility system got generalization after the pilot project of Anhui,Sichuan and other places in the country.Farmers' demand for the realization of the income distribution was the inner motive power of all-round responsibility system.National mobilization was external driving force and Information transmission was a media to link farmer with state.And professional,specialized peasant household and the new economic association of farmers were differentiated,become a product system of household contract responsibility system.3)The farmer cooperative economy organization is the carrier of farmers' interests,in control of the farmers' income potential resources.Land was the last guarantee of peasant household income.Rural collective economic organizations had the land ownership,was China's largest asset manager.However,73% of the rural collective economic organizations in Shanxi and nearly half in China belonged to the "shell" without any business income.Land system innovation was an effective way to generate revenue of collective economic organizations and to protect farmer income.4)The rural property right system reform is the necessity of market economy.The resources,assets and funds accumulated by rural collective economic organizations should be enjoyed by members of the rural collective economic organizations.Just after the success of the rural collective property rights system reform in Guangdong,Shanghai,Beijing and other places,Shanxi started pilot of collective property rights system reform among resource-based villages and urban villages.Based on public opinions,equity allocation principles that " land as a preferred stock,then population based stock,innovation the reserved shares " were formed and implemented,namely,allocating land preferred stock to villagers who own land management rights,matching population shares to registered villagers,setting the reserved shares for the other population who had contributed to the village development.The new rule assured the newly increased population to get benefit from village and offset the faults of traditional land system of “increased population without increased land stock and decreased population without decreased land share”,also left room to solve the problem of unpredictability and difficulties,which could be regarded as a kind of system innovation of rural collective economic organizations to guarantee the collective members of usufruct right.5)The farmer cooperative economy organization is the effective form of socialist economy under collective ownership.China's economic reform realized the combination of socialist public ownership and market economy,set up the basic economic system for a long time of public ownership as the main body,a variety of ownership economy common development;of income distribution mainly according to work and a variety of modes of distribution coexisting.From 1954-2015(except for 1960 years,1966-1976)annual data,per capita net income of rural residents in Shanxi increased with the province's overall economic development,especially the first industry in Shanxi.The proportions of wage income and family business income in net income,were consistent with the three stages of rural land policy implementation.Since 2000,the per capita net income of farmers of Jiangsu,Shanxi and the whole country in the family business income shew seriously decreasing,which heralded the land moderate scale management would speed up the development and the farmers' income growth again.In March 2017,“the general principles of the civil law” granted the farmer cooperative economy organization special legal person qualification would gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural per capita income and bring about farmer income a qualitative leap,accompanied with the rural land reform of "separation of land right".