Heredity,parenting Style,and Gene-environment Interaction Predicting Creativity

Individual difference in creativity can be attributed to genetic and environmental interaction（G×E）,which has been an important issue in recent years.The main purpose of research of this line is to identify creativity-related gene and genetic polymorphism,and further interact with environmental factors in the early life（i.e.family environment,parenting）.Since creativity is a complex psychological trait whose heritability is influenced by many genetic polymorphsims（Plomin et al.,2009;Purcell et al.,2009）,the effect size of single polymorphism explained was rather small and there was“missing heritability”problem in most previous studies.Besides,only seven candidate genes have been investigated to relate to creativity,neglecting the effect of other genes in dopamine（DA）and 5-Hydroxytryptamine（5-HT）neurotransmitter systems.From the perspective of whole brain regional coordination,multi-genes in these two systems might coordinated to influence creative cognitive process.Therefore,investigating the combined effect of multiple genes in DA and5-HT systems would be helpful to better understand the heritability of creativity.The present study explored the influence of genetic factors on undergraduates’creativity in the divergent tasks,with thirty-three genes and two thousand three hundred and fifty-seven polymorphisms involved in DA and 5-HT neurotransmitter synthesis,transportation,degradation and receptor.And we further investigated the interaction of DA and 5-HT neurotransmitter system genetic traits and parenting on creativity for both male and female.The main conclusions of the present study were as follows:1 Genetic variation involved in DA/5-HT systems predicting creativity:（1）1054 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 14 genes involved in DA neurotransmitter systems were investigated in this study,and several SNPs were identified associated with creativity in different p threshold.Specifically,there were305 SNPs in 10 genes（TH、DBH、DDC、DRD1、DRD2、DRD3、DRD5、SLC6A3、COMT、SLC6A2）associated with creativity in p<0.1 threshold,58 SNPs in 5 genes（DRD2、DRD3、SLC6A3、DDC、COMT）associated with creativity in p<0.05 threshold,and 11 SNPs in DDC gene associated with creativity in p<0.01 threshold.（2）1303 SNPs of 19 genes involved in DA neurotransmitter systems were investigated in this study,and several SNPs were identified associated with creativity in different p threshold.Specifically,there were 232 SNPs in 10 genes（HTR3D、HTR4、HTR5A、TPH2、HTR1D、HTR1E、HTR2A、HTR2C、HTR3B、HTR7）associated with creativity in p<0.1 threshold,11 SNPs in 4 genes（HTR3D、HTR4、HTR5A、TPH2）associated with creativity in p<0.05 threshold,and 2 SNPs in HTR4 gene associated with creativity in p<0.01 threshold.2 DA and 5-HT system polygenic effect on creativity:Using DA polygenic scores(PS_（DA）)and 5-HT polygenic scores(PS_（5-HT）)computed with SNPs in different p threshold,we investigated the polygenic effect on creativity,and the results suggest that PS_（DA）and PS_（5-HT）positively predicted on creativity and all three index of creativity.Individuals showed higher creativity as the genetic variant load increased.The effect size of PS_（DA）and PS_（5-HT）were higher than all of the single SNPs.Our results suggest that the genetic variant load is important for predicting creativity,and PS which summarized the magnitude of all SNPs showed the largest effect size.The polygenic effect on creativity in DA and 5-HT systems conformed to the polygenic mixed model.3 The prediction of DA and 5-HT polygenic effect,parenting style,and the interaction effects thereof on creativity between genders:（1）Males were more sensitive to environment compared to females.Males with higher DA system genetic variant load showed higher creativity in high maternal care and parental autonomy.Males with higher 5-HT system genetic variant load showed higher creativity in high paternal overprotection.（2）Individuals with higher 5-HT system genetic variant load showed higher flexibility in low paternal indifference.