Enterprise Decision-making On Carbon Emission Reduction In Duopoly

China as a manufacturing and international trade power,is facing the pressure of carbon emissions in domestic and carbon border measures in international trade."Quota + trade" emission reduction mechanism,as a policy mechanism to optimize the carbon quota utilization efficiency and achieve emission reduction targets,has been widely used by all countries in the world.It is also the main means of emission reduction in china.Since the implementation of greenhouse gas emission control and carbon trading in China,the emission reduction has achieved remarkable results.But the problem of exposure is also increasingly serious: the enthusiasm and initiative of enterprise participation and low carbon technology transformation are low;Carbon trading activity is low between the controlled enterprises in secondary market,the signal effect of carbon is distorted;the actual participation of consumers is low.These restrict the development of the practice of emission reduction in china.So how should we mitigate these problems?There are a lot of related research results,but analyze the problems by economics theory,and the formula(government)and the user(enterprise)are taken as conflict individuals;based on the government or business perspective,to study their own decision-making behavior and propose solutions.In fact,carbon quota allocation and trading can be regarded as a special supply chain system composed of government and enterprise,so we can study their quota allocation and trading behavior from the perspective of supply chain collaboration.Based on the shortage of practical problems and theoretical research in China's carbon quota allocation and trading mechanism,in the perspective of supply chain management,this paper discusses the carbon emission reduction decision-making behavior in duopoly that consider the implementation strategies of emission reduction mechanisms and social environmental preferences(measured by the consumer's low-carbon awareness or social environment willingness to pay),and the incentive utility of the reduction mechanism.The main work and innovation of this paper are as follows:(1)This paper establishes the quota allocation and the production competition model composed of the management agency and the heterogeneous duopoly,and studies the influence of the heterogeneity on the production decision under the restriction of the equal proportion quota allocation strategy.The results show that the heterogeneity of enterprises has a significant effect on the implementation efficiency of the equal proportion allocation strategy,which is more effective and has a "two-way incentive" effect on high;Industry is easy to form a emission reduction competition situation between heterogeneous enterprises,which will help enterprises to actively participate in the implementation of emission reduction and take the initiative to promote social environmental publicity;However,there is a lack of incentive and emission reduction efficiency,and the greater the heterogeneity difference,the greater the negative impact on the low-level enterprises,Revealing the "whipping fast cattle" phenomenon caused by the proportional strategy.Finally,the rules of the emission reduction rate are put forward,which will provide decision-making reference for the selection of the pilot industry.(2)Considering the two-way influence of carbon quota allocation strategy and heterogeneous enterprise production decision and its practical characteristics,this paper constructs the strategy of differentiated carbon quota allocation,establishes the Cournot competition model of heterogeneous duopoly enterprise based on the strategy,studies the applicability of the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility" in the difference of unit carbon,analysis of ways to reduce unit carbon emissions based on the allocation of quotas under a given emission reduction target and the promotion of technological transformation.The results showed that the market size and the level of carbon emissions per unit has a positive impact on the implementation of emission reduction.The quota allocation policy focusing on the low-ranked companies is superior to the policy focusing on the others,the former would better protect low-ranked companies in the premise,encourage enterprises to actively reduce carbon emissions per unit of product,and to better respond to international competition.Although the latter would achieve the purpose of reducing emissions.Moreover,progressivestage reduction mechanism has a positive effect on both incentive utility of implement a lowcarbon and steady implementation of policies.The study highlights the importance of verification on the carbon emissions and also extends the perspectives of research and mechanism design and will contributes to carbon reduction in China.(3)Considering the consumer purchase behavior based on the low carbon partition standards(scales)and the consumers' low carbon awareness,a heterogeneous enterprise competition model is employed to study the influences on these two factors.The result shows that changes in consumers' low carbon awareness is the key power to achieve emission reduction incentive,which has significant influence on the decision-making behavior of enterprise production.However,the direction and strength of the action of awareness are determined by the low carbon partition standard,and the strict standard has the function of bidirectional excitation.Moreover,the transformation from low carbon to low carbon behavior is affected by the price system of the product;the industrial avenge unit carbon emissions can be reduced under the common function of these factors,but only with other measures to reduce the total industrial emission.The study provide a reference for the development of China's emission reduction policy,enterprise production marketing decision-making.(4)Based on the analysis of the heterogeneity of enterprises in the Duopoly competition environment and the analysis of the carbon footprint of the industry under carbon trading,this paper constructs the "quota + trading" carbon reduction supply chain composed of government and two heterogeneous enterprises,and analyzes the influence of social environment willingness and enterprise heterogeneity on the optimal decision of both government and enterprises based on the “Stackelberg + Cournot” model.At the same time,we also analyzes the optimal decision-making behavior of the government and heterogeneous enterprises.The results show that the "quota + trading" emission reduction mechanism considering the social environment to pay is better than the traditional,which can keep the optimal social welfare,constitute a more effective two-way incentive,promote enterprise's sustainable emission reduction,in the heterogeneous duopoly business environment.The social endurance of the environment and the difference of per unit of carbon emission is a significant factor affecting the implementation of emission reduction mechanism,and forming a variety of business situation.The government should integrate the above factors and implement a dynamic differential "quota + transaction" emission reduction mechanism.In a given social endurance of the environment,the optimal carbon price and the quota allocation relationship among enterprises are constant.Through the adjustment of the quota rate,we can achieve emission reduction incentives including two-way incentives and "high-emission enterprises to pay carbon costs”.The price formation mechanism is complementary to the quota allocation,which integrating social endurance of the environment and the difference of per unit of carbon emission,and achieve two-way incentive under the higher quota rate of enterprises with high quotas,but the role of "carbon income incentive" is not significant.The difference of per unit of carbon emission affects the relationship between industry quota and actual emissions,which is an important factor affecting the industry performance,profit performance and consumer initiative;and the difference between the amount of quota and autonomy is the main cause of carbon market is not stable.The research results not only enrich and perfect the theory of carbon emission reduction decision-making and carbon quota allocation and trading mechanism,but also have important practical significance to solve the practical problems in China's carbon reduction practice and deal with global climate change.