Taxonomic Study Of Shanhu Bacteria And Related Genera In China

Based on a combined method of morphology and molecular phylogeny,taxonomic work was carried out on Clavariaceae Chevall.,Clavulina J.Schrot.,Lepidostroma Magd.&S.Winkl.,and Ramaria Fr.ex Bonord.in China.587 specimens,which collected by the author and colleagues,and along with 118 specimens from Herbaria in China were studied based on morphological characteristics.78 taxa(including species and variety)belonging to seven genera were identified.27 species belonging to four genera of Clavariaceae were recognized,among them nine species were the members of Clavaria Vaill.Ex L.,13 species of Clavulinopsis Overeem,one species of Mucronella Fr.,and four species of Ramariopsis(Donk)Corner.10 species of Clavulina,one species of Lepidostroma,and 40 taxa(including species and variety)of Ramaria were recognized in China.The new species,which was Clavulina livida Shu Z.Yan,G.He&Shuang L.Chen,has been discovered,established and reported in Clavulina.Based on morphological and molecular evidence,eight undeterminate species were proposed as new to science.Lepidostroma was a new recorded genus from China.Six new recorded species were reported from China,i.e.Clavaria macounii Peck,Clavulinopsis aurantiaca Araujo-Neta,G.A.Silva&Gibertoni,Clavulinopsis spiralis(Jungh.)Corner,Lepidostroma asianum Yanaga&N.Maek,Ramaria celerivirescens and Ramariopsis pulchella(Boud.)Corner.All identified species were described in detail.Based on multigene phylogeny analysis,three genes(nrLSU,ITS,rpb2)were used to implement phylogenetic analyses for Clavariaceae,Clavulina,Lepidostroma,and Ramaria.The phylogenetic analyses of multigene sequences revealed that:(1)Monophyly of Clavariaceae was supported by molecular phylogeny analysis.This family contains ten genera,such as Camarophyllopsis Herink,Clavaria,Clavulinopsis,Clavicorona Doty,Hirticlavula J.H.Petersen&Laess(?)e,Hodophilus R.Heim ex R.Heim,Hyphodontiella A Strid,Lamelloclavaria Birkebak&Adamcik,Mucronella and Ramariopsis.Clavariaceae can be divided into five major clades,namely Mucronella clade,Hirticlavula clade,Hyphodontiella clade,Ramariopsis-Clavulinopsis clade,and Clavaria-Camarophyllopsis-Clavicorona clade.However,Clavaria,Clavicorona and Camarophyllopsis,which were considered to be more closely related to Hyphodontiella,clusted far away in the phylogenetic tree.(2)Monophyly of the genus Clavaria was not supported,and Clavaria can be divided into five well supported clades,including fumosa clade,greletii clamp clade,fragilis clade,dark clade and clamp clade.(3)Clavulinopsis can be divided into four well supported clades,including globose clade,ellipsoid clade,orange clade and branched clade.(4)The original delimitation of Clavulina subgenus Fuscoclavulina was emended based on morphological and molecular characteristics,we proposed the stipe with strigose or hispid,hyphae with yellow-brown wall or with brownish pigments,and clamp connections abundant for circumscribing this subgenus.In addition,we proposed the species without clamp connections were updated to subgenus level.(5)The monophyly of Lepidostroma was confirmed by molecular phylogeny analysis.(6)Monophyly of the genus Ramaria was not supported by molecular phylogeny analysis,which closely clusted with some genera in Gomphales,such as Gautieria Vittad.,Gomphus Pers.,Lentaria Corner and Kavinia Pilat in the phylogenetic tree.In genus Ramaria,phylogenetic relationship between subgenus Laeticolora and subgenus Ramaria is closed.Similarly,the wood inhabiting subgenus Lentoramaria has a phylogenetic affinity with subgenus Echinoramaria.In addition,phylogenetic analysis comfirmed the position of Ramaria suecica(Fr.)Donk within the subgenus Lentoramaria.