Comprehensive Study On Drinking Water Safety Of Residents In Rural Areas

BackgroundRural drinking water safety refers to the quality,the quantity,convenience,and the assurance rate of drinking water conform to the China's drinking water quality standards.Drinking water safety is not only a public health problem,but also a social problem.The main problems of drinking water safety in rural areas in China are the insufficient water supply capacity,poor water quality,and regional differences in water quality,water quantity and convenience.In addition,environmental pollution and high-frequency and high-intensity extreme weather brought about by global climate change affect the aualitv and ouantitv of drinking water through water source.water supply,water treatment,residents'drinking water behavior and other links,further exacerbating residents'drinking water safety problems.Meanwhile,the existing drinking water treatment methods for residents are limited and are difficult to meet the needs of sustainable development of drinking water for residents in rural areas.All these factors affected the overall improvement of drinking water safety in rural areas of our country,and also affected the progress of the completion of the drinking water safety target in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of our country.The study starts from the three aspects of rural drinking water safety,rural water supply and residents' drinking water treatment methods,analyzes the temporal and spatial trend of rural residents'drinking water safety,sorts out the drinking water safety situation of rural residents in China from the three levels of the country,different rural areas and rural families,to comprehensively reflects the drinking water safety status of rural residents in China,and provides reference basis for the national and local formulation of drinking water safety strategies for rural residents and assessment of drinking water safety effects.Objectives1.Analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of drinking water safety in China from 2006 to 2014,to provide reference for the formulation of rural drinking water safety policies in different regions of China.2.Analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rural water supply in China from 2006 to 2014,to establish a spatial panel data model for rural water supply and social-economic environment influencing factors,which provides methodological reference for the analysis of influencing factors of rural water supply and basis for the implementation of rural water supply equalization measures.3.Analyze the current situation and influencing factors of drinking water treatment in rural families,to provide basis for promoting rural residents to use cleaner and safer drinking water treatment methods.Materials and MethodsThe data are mainly from China Statistical Yearbook and China Health Statistical Yearbook(2006-2014),China's Second Agricultural Census,National Rural Water,Environmental and Sanitation Survey(2006)and investigation on drinking water treatment status of rural residents(2015-2017).The research methods include three parts:1.Differences and Spatio-Temporal analysis of rural drinking water safety in China:analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of drinking water safety in China from 2006 to 2014;evaluate the current situation of drinking water safety in different provinces through principal component analysis,and describe the current situation of drinking water safety in different regions of China.2.Spatial and temporal distribution and its influencing factor analysis of rural water supply in different regions:thein index method is used to compare the differences of rural water supply in different provinces,spatial auto-correlation analysis method is used to describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water supply in different provinces and regions in China from 2006 to 2014,and spatial panel regression method is used to analyze the social and environmental influencing factors affecting the spatial and temporal changes of rural water supply.3.Analysis of drinking water treatment status of rural residents and its influencing factors:Through on-site investigation,the indicators related to drinking water of residents such as society,economy,personal lifestyle,environmental and medical treatment is investigated.Meanwhile,microbial indicators of residents'stored water and drinking water are collected and detected,the two-level model is used to analyze the influencing factors of drinking water treatment method and drinking water microorganism exceeding rate.Results1.Differences and Spatio-Temporal analysis of rural drinking water safety in China:China's water resources per ca-pita,water consumption per ca-pita and domestic water consumption per ca-pita was kept at 2000 cubic meters/person,400 cubic meters/person and 55 cubic meters/person respectively from 2006 to 2014.The average annual growth rate of water resources per ca-pita,water consumption per ca-pita and domestic water consumption per ca-pita is 35.6%,10.0%and 55.7%respectively.The water resources per ca-pita in the western region are relatively large,but the domestic water consumption per ca-pita,water treatment facility rate,and drinking water qualified rate is relatively low.The High-High agglomeration of water resources per ca-pita is in Tibet,The Low-Low agglomeration of domestic water consumption per ca-pita is in Ningxia,Shaanxi,Shanxi and Gansu,the High-High agglomeration extends from Guangdong to Guangxi,Fujian,and Zhejiang.The treatment rate of drinking water sources,the proportion of domestic sewage treated towns,and the proportion of households with drinking water difficulties vary greatly between provinces.Principal component analysis of drinking water safety in all provinces ranked the top three and the last three were Shanghai,Jiangsu,Beijing and Gansu,Shaanxi and Qinghai respectively.2.Spatial and temporal distribution and its influencing factor analysis of rural water supply in different regions:the rural popularization rate of tap water in China has improved to a certain extent;the absolute and relative differences of the rural popularization rate of tap water in various provinces have shown a downward trend from 2006 to 2014.The western China is the fastest growing region with a growth rate of more than 20.0%.In 2014,the theil index of eastern regions such as Shanghai,Jiangsu,Zhejiang was lower than the national average(0.3),which is 0.0001,0.01 and 0.03 respectively,theil index of Inner Mongolia,Guizhou,Jilin,Tibet,Hainan was higher than the national average,which is 0.9,0.9,0.9,0.5 and 0.5 respectively.The rural popularization rate of tap water in 30 provinces and autonomous regions in China showed a positive spatial correlation from 2006 to 2014,showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing.The High-High agglomeration of high rural popularization rate of tap water in rural areas is mainly located in North and the Eastern China,and the location gradually narrows to the Eastern China in 2014.The Low-Low agglomeration is mainly in Sichuan Province.The Low-High agglomeration is mainly in the Central China.The results of spatial panel analysis show that socioeconomic and environmental factors such as the rural sanitation rate,GDP per ca-pita,IPR(Investment Proportion Ratio)and rural residents'consumption expenditure are positively correlated with the rural popularization rate of tap water(P<0.05),while illiteracy rate among the population aged 15 and above is negatively correlated with the rural popularization rate of tap water(P<0.05).3.Analysis of drinking water treatment status and influencing factors for rural residents:among 1200 households,61.7%drink boiled water,of which 27.1%use electricity to boil water,34.6%use other fuels to boil water and 23.5%drink bottled water.The detection rate and geometric average of heat-resistant Escherichia Coli from low to high for different fuels are as follows:electricity water(16.6%,2.0),barrel water(40.8%,2.9),other fuels water(44.1%,3.0)and raw water(53.9%,5.1).There is aggregation in water boiled by electricity rate and drinking water microorganism exceeding rate among different villages,the influencing factors are water supply type,qualified rate of drinking water volume,which type of fuel to boil water is the safest method,storage time of tap water,traces of washing hand with soap and use other fuels to boil water,bottled water,raw water,water supply type,qualified rate of drinking water volume and storage time of drinking water.Conclusions1.There are space-time differences in drinking water safety in'China.The annual growth rate of average water resources per ca-pita does not match that of the domestic water consumption per ca-pita.The domestic water consumption per ca-pita and the growth rate,the comprehensive score of drinking water safety in the western region is relatively low.The research results provide a new idea for promoting the standardized management level of rural drinking water safety in different areas.2.The study points out for the first time that the rural popularization rate of tap water in China from 2006 to 2014 has a spatial correlation,that rural popularization rate of tap water is not only dependent on its own conditions,but also related to that of the neighboring areas.Social and environmental factors have a significant impact on the rural popularization rate of tap water,which provides a reference for the next step of implementing measures to equalize rural water supply.3.In areas at different stages of social and economic development,rural residents'drinking water treatment methods all have certain drinking water health risks,which are mainly reflected in the backward concept of healthy drinking water,a certain proportion of other fuel boiled water and excessive microorganism exceeding rate.The research results provide new evidence for the government to further improve rural residents' drinking water safety and health literacy,and advocate cleaner and safer access to drinking water.