Energy Efficiency And Sustainability In Oil-dependent Countries

The thesis is the first study to comprehensively analyze the efficiency and sustainability of the energy sector in oil-dependent countries focusing on the management of policy implications.It proposes a novel framework for the assessment of the energy sector in oil-dependent countries which previously was not developed in the literature.The presented analysis in the current study is unique and informative in that it comprehensively assessed degree of sustainability in energy industry in OPEC countries and recognized efficiency improvement possibilities within member countries.Through these improvements,these countries can empower their economy to subsequently implement challenging long-term goals of green transition.Therefore,the improvement of the oil supply chain based on provided analysis is of high importance and can be seen as a short-term strategy leading eventually to sustainability.The sustainable and efficient energy industry should be seen as an important branch in sustainable development strategies,although the improvement programs will differ due to regional and financial specifications.The UN Economic along with Social Commission promotes and recommends various solutions which can enhance the sustainability of energy systems in the world,including a reducing acquisition of fossil fuels,increased use of renewable in particular wind and solar energies and fewer pollutant carriers.The expected sustainable energy would be high-quality,safe,environmentally friendly,and economically feasible-a constructive contributor to development on local,national,and global levels.More than 50%of total exports in the OPEC nations are related to oil.Contrary to such background,most of the union members cannot satisfy the domestic demand for petroleum products including precious transportation fuels,forcing those nations to correct this imbalance in their domestic market by importing.On the other hand,statistics indicate an enormous share of fuel oil in the final refinery products and outputs of OPEC members.Using data from their refineries for 2017,the proposed model evaluates the economy and the environmental efficiency of refineries as a major chain in the energy supply chain in OPEC members.The current model incorporates heavy products together with the import of light products as an unprofitable output.In the occurrence of environmental efficiency,wastage incorporates as undesirable refinery output.By using wastage that includes water and soil pollutions,this paper tries to mitigate the neglect of previous studies that mainly focused on air pollution.Iran ranks as one of the largest producers of crude oil in the world.Therefore,the country has the potential to play a significant role in the international petroleum products market.Surprisingly,Iran is not able to satisfy the domestic demand in order that transportation fuels,forcing the country to import gasoline route diesel fuel.To investigate this problem,this study applies a novel dynamic two-stage slacks-based measure framework to evaluate the efficiency of the petroleum refining industry in Iran.Using data from Iranian refineries for the period 2011-2015,in the first stage,the model decomposes the efficiency of refineries into operational and profitability efficiencies.In the second stage,the overall efficiency scores are computed.Dissimilar to other studies considering byproducts like emissions as undesirable outputs,the current model incorporates mazut as an unprofitable output.The empirical results reveal low efficiency among Iranian refineries together with indicating a significant negative relationship between the overall efficiency scores together with the amount of mazut produced in refineries.Scrupulous analysis shows which an inappropriate production pattern together with a lack of advanced conversion units in refineries contribute greatly to the low performance of Iranian refining sector.Those findings can be used to improve the current refining sector as a step toward energy sustainability in Iran.Improving energy supply chain efficiency has long been advocated as a way to increase the utility together with the sustainability of society.The impact of energy supply chain efficiency measures can go far beyond energy savings together with energy efficiency improvements that can be a key contributor to economic growth together with social development.Measuring the efficiency of the energy supply chain can lead us to better conservation together with the frugality of natural resources.The energy supply chain is delivered through a series of processes.Understanding the various parts of the energy industry can help experts to make effective decisions about managing conglomerates together with designing more efficient energy systems.One of the most important parts of the energy supply chain is the petroleum industry.The petroleum industry is the central core of the Iranian financial system.Iran has one the largest oil reserves and the world's largest natural gas reserves on the planet that means Iran holds ten percent of the glob's proven oil reserves together with fifteen percent of the world's gas.It is one of the OPEC's largest exporters together with the world's fourth oil producer.Although Iran is an energy superpower country,it is not an independent country from the world energy supply chain.Petroleum refineries are one of the key parts' of the energy supply chain.Refineries act as the leading transformation stage in order that all crude oil into its various consumable products together with are leadingly located domestically.After receiving oil from storage facilities,refineries use various chemical separation together with reaction processes to transform crude oil into usable products,in order that example,fuel oil,diesel oil,jet fuel,together with multiple essential manufacturing feedstocks.Statistical reports show which Consumption of oil products is more than the capability of Iran to produce them together with refinery operations are insufficient,so Iran necessitates importing oil products from another country.Investigating the oil refinery's efficiency is vital in order that the petroleum industry in Iran.Since Iran is an oil-based economy together with petroleum products are more than 83.3 percent of the export of Iran,the high efficiency of oil refineries seems necessary.Reducing the export of crude oil together with in contrast increasing the export of petroleum together with petrochemical products is caused by efficient oil refineries.Here Data Envelopment Analysis is applied in the order that assessing oil refineries in Iran.DEA can be applied to measure the utility of all parts of the energy supply chain in Iran together with in the world.Although Iran is an energy superpower country,it is not an independent country from the world energy supply chain.Statistical reports show which Consumption of oil products is more than the capability of Iran to produce them together with refinery operations are insufficient,so Iran necessitates import oil products from another country.Petroleum refineries are one of the key parts of the energy supply chain.Refineries act as the leading transformation stage in order that all crude oil into its various consumable products.This conducted research is aimed at rest to investigate together with providing guidelines in order that improving the efficiency of oil refineries in Iran.Reducing the export of crude oil together with in contrast increasing the export of petroleum together with petrochemical products is caused by efficient oil refineries.First by using Weighted Moving Average inputs together with outputs will be forecasting in 2015.After which Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)is applied in the order that measuring the technical efficiency of oil refineries in Iran.Inputs include the number of employees who work in refineries together with the quantity of crude oil.Outputs include four leading products of refineries:Naphta,Kerosene,Fuel oil together with Gasoline.Based on the results obtained,five refineries will be efficient in 2015.Later,inefficient refineries were investigated closely to identify how they can be improved.It is obvious which the DEA suggests illuminating information to the Ministry of Petroleum that can benefit from such information regarding decision making together with Policymaking in order that the petroleum refineries.Iran has the fourth-largest proven oil reserves together with ranks the fifth largest producer of crude oil in the world.Therefore,the country has the potential to play an important role in the global petroleum products market.Surprisingly,Iran is unable to satisfy the domestic demand in order that transportation fuels,forcing the country to import gasoline together with diesel fuel.To investigate this problem,a dynamic no homogeneous two-stage slack-based measure data envelopment analysis model was applied to evaluate the efficiency of the refining industry.Using data from Iranian petroleum refineries in order that the period 2011-2015,in the first stage,the model assessed the operational performance together with the profitability performance of the petroleum refineries.In the second stage,the overall efficiency scores are computed.The findings demonstrate low efficiency among Iranian oil refineries and indicating a significant negative relationship between the overall efficiency scores and the amount of mazut produced in refineries.Based on the results obtained,the study analyzes the ownership and production patterns in the refining sector,local and foreign investment in the petroleum sector,and feasibility of diversification among energy carriers in the energy sector in oil-based economies.In addition,the study provides application guidelines which aid decision-makers to improve oil-dependent nations'refining industry output,aiming to decrease the export of crude oil and simultaneously to reduce the production of mazut and increase the yield of transportation fuels.