| Hebei province is located in Haihe basin where the most serious drought area in China,is the severe groundwater funnel area in North China,however,the amount of water used is only 1/28 of the world’s average water used.Agriculture is the biggest industry in water supply and consumption accounting for above 70% of total water supply.The low water utilization efficiency of irrigation,low water production efficiency and severe water waste are present problems in agricultural irrigation,being the conditions of ‘water absence – over exploitation – low efficiency– water waste”.In order to resolve water-saving problems,agricultural technology staffs built a series of highly efficient water-using patterns in planting industry after 10-year researches supported by national projects.The typical water-using technology patterns for foods,vegetables and fruit were selected and comprehensively evaluated in this study,analyzing the technology production efficiency and related influent factors,comprehensively studying the present problems in technology extension and the influent factors on the techniques adoption for farmer.First of all,benefit evaluation of the integrated technical model of wheat maize micro-irrigation,the mode of water-saving technology of micro-salty water,rainfed grain production efficiency technology mode,integrated technique of water and fertilizer for drip irrigation of greenhouse vegetables,the integration of water and fertilizer in drip irrigation under film technology,technical mode of efficient water use for fruit tube outflow in hebei province.The technology patterns of micro-irrigation and integral control techniques of water and fertilizer economic,social and ecological benefits were 8412.18 yuan / ha,5699.3 yuan / ha,1352.56 yuan /ha,the comprehensive benefit is 15464.04 yuan / ha,they were 1876.59%,34.46%,8.65% and49.92% higher than conventional surface irrigation,respectively;1073.07yuan/ha 、 1495.71yuan/ha、126.14 yuan/ha and 2694.92 yuan/ha respectively in water-saving techniques of brackish water supplement irrigation,they were 24.19%,9.38%,0.78% and 8.35% higher than conventional surface irrigation;876.76 yuan/ha,743.06 yuan/ha,1691.61 yuan/ha,and 3311.43 yuan/ha respectively in grains yield and efficiency enhanced techniques of rainfed dry farming,they were99.74%,7.55%,12.82% and 26.88% higher than conventional surface irrigation;5239.92 yuan/ha,4630.59 yuan/ha,216.96 yuan/ha,and 10087.47 yuan/ha respectively integral control techniques of drip irrigation and fertilizer under plastic film for greenhouse vegetable production in plain area,they were 2.33%,6.46%,2.45% and 3.3% higher than conventional surface irrigation;10591.42 yuan/ha,8729.63 yuan/ha,313.71 yuan/ha and 19634.76 yuan/ha respectively in integral control techniques of drip irrigation and fertilizer under plastic film for field vegetable,they were52.81%,29.96%,11.22% and 37.77% higher than conventional surface irrigation;2172.92 yuan/ha,3451.23 yuan/ha,75.17 yuan/ha and 5699.32 yuan/ha respectively in highly water-using techniques of fine tube irrigation for fruit trees,3.69%,13.27%,1.23% and 5.83% higher than conventional surface irrigation.Secondly,the technology efficiency of above six technology patterns were 0.863 、 0.907 、0.912、0.834、0.692、0.825 respectively by DEA model of Data Envelopment Analysis,existing some degree of ineffectiveness in techniques,presenting the incompatible conditions in the configuration of production factors input and between the scale input and output,resulting technology efficiency,pure techniques efficiency and scale efficiency incompletely realized,leaving large space to improve the technology efficiency and exploiting their potential.According to the analysis results of influent factors on technology efficiency of wheat and maize,technology efficiency of micro-irrigation and integral control techniques of water and fertilizer was mainly affected by technical training;operation area,input capitals,technical training,insurance participation and quantities of land were the main factors for water-saving techniques of brackish water supplement irrigation;age,technical training and operation area especially the technical training were the main factors for grains yield and efficiency enhanced techniques of rainfed dry farming.Thirdly,the comprehensive benefits of three highly efficient water-using technology patterns were analyzed by the structural equation.Results showed that economic benefit,social benefit and ecology benefit were positively affected the comprehensive benefits,of which the social benefit showed the significant effects and reached to 0.369 of the effect coefficient;and 0.19 and 0.169 of the effect coefficient for the satisfaction of ecology benefit and economic benefit on technology patterns respectively.It indicated that the social benefits and ecological benefits played a larger role on the comprehensive benefits,which reflecting in labor-saving,fertilizer-saving,pesticide-saving and water-saving.Micro-irrigation and integral control techniques of water and fertilizer focused on the exploitation of water resource and the utilization of fertilizer;water-saving techniques of brackish water supplement irrigation focused on the utilization and exploitation of the shallow brackish water in middle-low plain,avoiding large scale of underground water exploitation;grains yield and efficiency enhanced techniques of rainfed dry farming focused on the exploitation in the potential of crop production,relying on the substitution of three cropping per two years to double cropping per year to utilize the rainwater during the land rest time.Above three techniques had each advantages,combining three technology patterns with the Double-late technique to improve the crop yields,positively affecting the regional agricultural development.Fourthly,current situations,main pathways and problems in extension of highly efficient water using technology patterns for main crops were analyzed.the influent factors on farmers toadopt the highly efficient water-using technoloty patterns for wheat and maize in Hebei plain were analyzed by the binomial Logistic regression model.Results showed that due to the properties of different technology patters,the single factor significantly affected farmers to adopt different kind of highly efficient water-using technology patterns.Education levels,acknowledgment of technology patterns,cognition of fertilize-saving and cost-saving,participation of technical training and government subsidies positively affected the adoption of micro-irrigation and integral control techniques of water and fertilizer except the negative effects for the factors of land fragmentation and cognition of fertilize-saving.Age of house owner,operation scales,land fragmentation,acknowledgment of technology patterns,cognition of labor-saving and cost-saving and government subsidies positively affected the adoption of water-saving techniques of brackish water supplement irrigation except the negative effects for the factors of total family incomes and cognition of yield increment;Age of house owner,total family incomes,the ratio of agricultural income to the total family incomes,land fragmentation,acknowledgment of technology patterns and the cognition of yield increment positively affected the adoption of grains yield and efficiency enhanced techniques of rainfed dry farming.Cognition of water-saving did not show the significant effects on the adoption of the three technology patterns.It indicated those water-saving functions of water-saving techniques yet not arise farmers’ attention,only other factors being considered,but technical training positively affected the adoption of three technology patterns for farmers.Last,author of this study proposed the advisement from the following aspects:Simplifying the highly efficient water-using technology patterns to enhance allocative efficiency production factors,strengthening the targeted technical training to create a climate for technology communication,making a good use of technical subsidy and insurance policies to reduce investment costs and adventures,cultivating a new kind of business entity to expand its operation scale,Holding the key of water price reform to improve the efficiency of technology communication,Enhancing the construction of management organization to innovate management Mechanism and service systems for agricultural water use.Based on the above pathways,the foundation was constructed by the utilization of highly efficient water-using technology patterns,rational and efficient using water resources and exerting the economic benefits of water resources. |
PDF Full Text Request