| China has a typical urban-rural dual structure,the problem of agricultural and rural development is very prominent and complex.The backwardness of rural infrastructure construction is the most important problems hindering the development of rural areas,among which energy infrastructure is one of the most important issues.In recent years,with the emergence of such viewpoints as "energy crisis" and "population explosion",the concept of sustainable development has gradually taken root in the hearts of the people.Renewable energy,represented by biomass energy,water energy,wind energy,solar energy and geothermal energy,has become an important direction of rural energy construction and development in China.The energy structure of China's rural areas is gradually changing from the traditional biomass energy and fossil energy sources to the "multi-energy complementary" energy structure,which is dominated by renewable energy sources.Of all renewable energy sources,biomass energy is one of the most widely distributed,accessible and available energy sources in rural areas.Therefore,it plays an important role in the process of rural energy structure transformation in China.China is a large agricultural country with abundant reserves of biomass energy resources in rural areas.However,extensive traditional utilization mode(direct combustion)has caused a large amount of waste of resources and is no longer suitable for the modern production mode.Therefore,the secondary new energy,represented by biomass energy fermentation and gasification(biogas),emerges as the times require.The pattern of utilization has changed markedly,and the efficiency of utilization has been greatly improved.The mode of biomass energy development and utilization in rural areas is based on the production of biogas(supply of cooking fuel)for civil use.At first,this kind of biomass energy development mode is mainly household biogas.This decentralized development and utilization mode has been rapidly popularized after China's reform and opening up,and has achieved certain results.By the end of 2010,the amount of household biogas in rural China had exceeded 40 million.However,with the acceleration of urbanization and the promotion of social transformation in China,thedecentralized utilization mode of biomass energy based on household biogas has not been adapted to the new rural economic development and social changes.In this context,the advantages of Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects,which are mainly characterized by centralized and large-scale development,become obvious.The Medium-and Large-scale Biogas project uses animal manure and agricultural residues from intensive farms to produce biogas and convert organic waste into clean fuel to meet the local residents' demand for energy for daily use.This kind of centralized development mode has times inevitability and is the new trend of biomass energy development and renewable energy development.This paper focuses on Gansu Province,a typical ecologically fragile and economically underdeveloped region of China.Firstly,by collecting relevant data,using Information Entropy Weight(IEW)Method & Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)Method,and combining the different weights of natural geographical elements in different counties,the actual development potential of rural biomass energy in Gansu Province is evaluated.Then,the spatial autocorrelation analysis method is used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of the actual development potential of biomass energy in rural areas of Gansu Province at the county scale,and to explore the spatial distribution and temporal evolution law of the potential development potential of biomass energy in rural areas of Gansu Province.Secondly,through on-the-spot observation of some rural pilot projects of biomass energy development in Gansu Province,case studies are conducted to evaluate the multiple benefits of the research projects from the economic,environmental and social aspects.This paper comprehensively analyzes the advantages and problems of the development of the investigated projects under the existing conditions,and combs out the best benefit distribution relationship and the market operation mechanism of the Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects under the existing conditions.Thirdly,based on the internal rate of return,and the 0 and discount rate 0.08 as the stratification point,the investigated projects are divided into three levels.Take into account the scale,environmental performance and social impact of projects at different levels,and formulate optimization measures that meet the actual needs of projects at different levels.While giving full play to the environmental and social advantages of projects,we should devote ourselves to the improvement of the economic benefits of projects so as to maximize the comprehensive benefits.Finally,according to the problems and laws,some countermeasures and policy suggestions were put forward to promote the comprehensive development of biomass energy in rural areas of Gansu Province.In order to provide some policy reference for the construction of rural energy in Gansu province,especially for the good operation and market promotion of rural new energy projects.The main conclusions are as follows:Firstly,the centralized utilization of biomass energy is a new trend in the development of biomass energy.Biomass energy plays an important role in the transformation and optimization of rural energy structure in China.With theacceleration of urbanization and the promotion of social transformation,the decentralized utilization mode of biomass energy based on household biogas has not been adapted to the new background of rural economic development and social environment change.In this case,the advantages of Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects characterized by centralized and large-scale development become obvious.At present,it has become a new trend of biomass energy development and renewable energy development.Secondly,the potential of biomass energy development in Gansu Province changes significantly in temporal and spatial.From the spatial point of view,the actual development potential of biomass energy among counties in Gansu Province is quite different.All counties in Hexi region occupy considerable advantages in terms of theoretical reserves of biomass energy and actual exploitation potential.However,the potential of biomass energy development in other regions is generally not ideal.The most typical is Gannan region,which is limited by the basic agricultural development and geographical environment conditions,and does not make effective use of the relatively abundant biomass resources in the region.As a result,the region has become the most potential L-L(low-low concentration)area of biomass energy in Gansu Province.From the temporal point of view,it shows that the different of actual potential of biomass energy development among counties has a tendency of narrowing.It is concluded from the study that the positive spatial correlation of the actual potential of biomass energy development is decreasing.No matter it is H-H(high-high agglomeration)or L-L(low-low agglomeration),the number and spatial scope of the agglomeration area are shrinking.In addition,as far as Gansu Province is concerned,the sustainable increase of biomass energy development potential is the main trend of future development.It can be seen from this that the problem that the actual exploitation degree and utilization level of biomass energy are generally low in Gansu Province is being improved,which further verifies the conclusion that the difference in the development of biomass energy in the rural areas of Gansu Province as a whole is gradually narrowing in time.Thirdly,biomass energy in Gansu Province has a certain development prospects,but with a lot of problems.The total reserves of biomass energy resources from agricultural waste in Gansu Province can reach 7.28E+07 tons / year,which is equivalent to annual production of about 1.95E+10 m3 biogas.In addition,the amount of biogas per person in Gansu Province is 748.80 m3 per year.It can be seen that the reserves of biomass energy resources in Gansu Province are relatively rich and have a certain development prospect.However,there are still many problems in the comprehensive development and popularization of biomass energy in Gansu Province,which mainly focus on three aspects: large regional disparity,low level of development,and single utilization mode.In addition,there are some problems in the process of operation and extension of the pilot project of biomass energy development,such as poor economic benefits,difficult to reflect the comprehensive benefits,weak market competitiveness and ability to resist risks,poor management and maintenancein the later period,and so on.If these problems can not be effectively controlled and solved,they will also affect the development and promotion of biomass energy in Gansu Province.Fourthly,The economic benefit of the Medium-and Large-scale Biogas project is the most important factor affecting its comprehensive benefit.It is found that the economic benefit of Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects is the most important factor affecting the comprehensive benefits of these pilot projects.Specifically,the economic benefits of large and medium-sized biogas projects will generally decrease with the increase of scale,while the environmental benefits and social benefits will increase with the increase of scale.Environmental benefits and social benefits are the positive externalities of biomass energy development projects,and these positive externalities are the prerequisite for the existence and development of these projects.However,economic benefits always occupy the largest share(about 70%)in the comprehensive benefits,so the exertion and embodiment of these positive externalities will be restricted and influenced by the economic benefits of the project.Fifthly,Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects generally need to be optimized,but at the same time need to be controlled from the source.Among the three benefits of projects,economic benefits occupy the largest share and are the most direct indicators to reflect whether the projects have the potential for market promotion.In contrast,environmental benefits and social benefits are more of an impact factor.Therefore,it is necessary to solve the problem of poor economic benefits of Mediumand Large-scale Biogas projects through system optimization,in order to enhance the market competitiveness and risk resistance of the projects.However,because the scale of the project is too high and the operating cost is too large,the environmental benefit and social benefit can not make up the gap of economic benefit,so it will not have comprehensive benefit.Moreover,even through the optimization of economic efficiency,still can not have enough economic benefits.Therefore,blind layout of large-scale projects is not recommended.For areas where large-scale projects are really necessary,planning should be made before construction and strict compliance with the relevant technical standards of the country.And combining with the local actual reasonable layout,select the appropriate scale,at the same time strictly control the cost,ensure the smooth promotion and sustainable development of Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects in rural areas.Sixthly,the part of market competition mechanism(quasi-public infrastructure)is relatively suitable for Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects.Under the part of market competition mechanism,the government will provide some or all of the construction capital as the purchase of environmental benefits and investment in public infrastructure.At the same time,the government will let these projects operate independently and self-financing,but through subsidies to support their daily operation.In fact,the real reason why the government subsidizes the biogas project is that it can provide environmental and social benefits for the whole society,that is,it can play a positive externality.Therefore,the subsidy can be regarded as a purchase ofthe environmental and social benefits of the project,It's not the kind of traditional investment that expects an economic return.Through this way,the problem of project recovery and investment can be solved,so that Medium-and Large-scale Biogas projects can take advantage of the limited economic benefits to do a good job of daily management and protection.While ensuring the stable operation of the project,there are enough funds to carry out the technical transformation and equipment renewal,which is beneficial to the sustainable development of the project.In addition,if we refer to the measures of the natural gas project,each user will pay 1000 yuan for the construction cost,which will improve the viability of the biogas project to some extent.And the user does not pay this cost now,this is equivalent to saving this part of the household expenses.In short,under this kind of operation mechanism,the cost and benefit will be distributed to the government,the biogas project and the biogas user,the biogas project operator will also obtain the profit incentive under the independent operation mechanism of self-financing.Therefore,for the time being,the part of the market competition mechanism(quasi-public infrastructure)is a more reasonable choice. |
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