An Ethnoveterinary Study On And Evaluation Of Medicinal Plants Used By The Buyi People

Veterinary drugs are used for the prevention and treatment of animal diseases,as well as for the manipulation of animal physiology.Such drugs are of critical importance in maintaining animal health,preventing and controlling epidemics,and maximizing yields within the animal husbandry industry.The quality of veterinary medicines is not only related to the prevention and treatment of animal diseases such as livestock and poultry,but also related to the sustainable,stable and healthy development of the breeding industry,and also related to the living environment of human beings and human health.Global population growth and the associated increasing demand for food production has resulted in expanded veterinary drug use,antibiotic resistance,and accumulation of drug residues within the environment and food chain.Via threats to food security and the quality of livestock,poultry,and aquatic animal products,veterinary drug use practices indirectly impact human health and are thus a public health concern.Many countries,including China,have implemented a series of laws and policies aiming to ensure the quality and safe use of veterinary drugs,including antibiotics.However,their use cannot be avoided altogether.Eleven growth-promoting antibiotics will be banned from the feed,antibiotic-containing medicines will be banned in the breeding industry,and antibiotics have been forbidden since 2020.When the animal husbandry industry banned more and more antibiotics,but it is inseparable from the application of veterinary medicines in animal husbandry.Terefore,the present study investigated whether traditional ethnoveterinary medicinal plant knowledge may suggest alternative approaches.The Buyi people have learned to use the local rich plant resources to prevent and treat livestock diseases in the long-term practice of livestock production.They have accumulated rich practical experience in the application of veterinary medicine plants.Currently,there are few pieces of research on the traditional knowledge of veterinary medicine plants with characteristics.In this study,the traditional knowledge of veterinary medicines on medicinal plants in the Buyi area of Qianxinan prefecture was investigated by using ethnoecology methods which are thematic research method,semi-structural investigation method,direct participation method,key person interview method,and group discussion method.The traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by Buyi people was obtained through field investigation.Microbiology,pharmacology,molecular biology,and other methods were used to evaluate the utilization of traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine plants.The application examples of Berberis diaphana in animal medicine plant for prevention of piglet diarrhea and Ardisia crispa for prevention of stress reaction in livestock transfer were studied,which provided a theoretical basis for the utilization of traditional veterinary medicine knowledge and ideas for the development of new green veterinary medicine in the future.(1)We have investigated 18 villages Xingyi City,Anlong County,Ceheng County,Wangmo County of Qianxi Prefecture,Guizhou Province,and Luoping County of Yunnan Province,5 fresh medicinal material markets,3 traditional farms,and 2 museums.We obtained the traditional knowledge of the Buyi ethnoveterinary medicine plant.The ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of the Buyi people have a classification system of folk plants,and there are 6 classification levels and corresponding taxa.122 species of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants were cataloged in detail,including Latin names,botanic names,local names,indications of diseases,application sites,and application methods according to the traditional knowledge utilization system of veterinary medicinal plants used by the Buyi people.Gastrointestinal,respiratory,trauma,and bone fractures are the main diseases of local livestock according to the informant consensus factor(Fic).20 important ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species such as Berberis diaphana,Sophora tonkinensis and Ardisia crispa were obtained according to the user reports(URs).The Buyi people believe in polytheism and animism,and believe that "all things have spirits".Sacred trees and mountains occupy a very important position in the traditional culture of the Buyi people,and they protect and continue the traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine and plants of the Buyi people.(2)Among the 57 ethnoveterinary medicine recipes(single prescription)obtained through the investigation,Berberis diaphana and Ardisia crispa are the most representative ones to control piglet diarrhea and livestock transfer stress response.Anal swabs were collected from local piglets with diarrhea to isolate and identify enterotoxin Escherichia coli.Berberis diaphana was used to study the bacteriostasis of enterotoxin E.coli.The extract of Berberis diaphana had a good inhibitory effect on the pathogenic bacteria.The transcriptome was used to explore the reasons for the inhibition of extracts Berberis diaphana on this strain,and the molecular mechanism of bacteriostasis was revealed through the enrichment analysis of transcriptome GO and KEGG data.The extracts mainly destroyed the cell membrane of the tested bacteria,affected the oxidative phosphorylation pathway on the membrane,and regulated the two-component signal transduction system.The extracts inhibited the bacteria in many aspects and at many levels.With the increase of extract concentration,the down gene of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was increased.Oxidative phosphorylation is the main pathway cells for energy(ATP),the metabolism of the path is blocked,bacteria can't gain energy to achieve bacteriostasis.The experimental results that Berberis diaphana prevention and treatment of diarrhea piglets provides a theoretical basis.The results of bacteriostatic and transcriptomic experiments verified the rationality of Berberis diaphana in preventing piglet diarrhea.(3)The stress reaction produced in livestock transfer is often encountered in the process of livestock breeding,which will cause livestock fever,diarrhea,hoarseness,loss of appetite,and other symptoms.The scientific problem of stress response of local people to control livestock transfer with Ardisia crispa was explored through bacteriostatic,anti-inflammatory,and analgesic experiments and transcriptional analysis.The inhibition rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus,and Escherichia coli was 63.44%,59.88%,57.62%and 44.42%,respectively.The experimental results of acute inflammation induced by xylene-induced ear swelling in mice and writhing induced by acetic acid in mice showed that the extract had anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects,indicating that it contained anti-inflammatory and analgesic active substances.The results of root and leaf transcriptase sequencing showed that there were complete metabolic pathways for triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis,and there were two metabolic pathways for terpenoids synthesis MVA and MEP pathway.The enrichment of transcriptome GO and KEGG data showed that there were 22 genes related to terpene skeletal anabolic pathways in the transcriptome,9 genes related to sesquiterpene and triterpene metabolic pathways in the transcriptome,5 enzymes involved in sesquiterpene and triterpene biosynthesis,and 6 related genes.The transcription factors related to terpenoids biosynthesis were analyzed to explore the mechanism of transcription factors regulating terpenoids biosynthesis at the molecular level.Transcription factors AP2/ERF and the bHLH gene family are involved in regulating the synthesis of sesquiterpenes,monoterpenes,and triterpenes.Protein functional interaction network and phylogenetic tree were constructed to obtain the function of a transcription factor by using Arabidopsis thaliana as the reference.Two transcription factor genes(Cluster-20697.13203 and Cluster-20697.14478)of the AP2/ERF family were found to be involved in the regulation of terpenoids.However,no genes related to triterpenes biosynthesis pathway were obtained by functional analysis of bHLH transcription factor gene family.The scientific rationality of the traditional application of Ardisia crispa in the treatment of livestock transfer stress response was verified through bacteriostatic,anti-inflammatory,and analgesic experiments as well as transcriptional analysis,This study uses ethnoecology,ethnobotany,and other methods to investigate the traditional knowledge of veterinary medicine plants used by Buyi people.Modern scientific and technological methods were used to verify the scientific problems behind the local traditional veterinary medicine plants'treatment of livestock diseases.These results provide a scientific basis for the inheritance and protection of traditional knowledge.