| Since the middle of the 19th Century,most Chinese looked at the world,pursued of prosperity and democracy,faced "three thousand years have seen big changes" and the gap between the Chinese and Western.In 20th Century,around the rich resources of,"ancient and modern Chinese and Western",the formation,of conservatism,liberalism and radicalism in three schools and paths,the common interpretation of rich and colorful contemporary Chinese thought,created Spiritual Tradition of Modern China.The reason to selected Hsu Fook-kuan as research object,because his life experience compared to other scholars was richer and more Legendary,who acrossed the political and academic circles,and the three schools were associated with conservatism as the background.In Hsu Fook-kuan's view,How to let the Chinese people out of the autocratic and totalitarian cycle,got rid of the fate of the colonial,implemented people-oriented to democracy,to promoted political China into modern political barriers,is one of the goals of his academic research.Based on the predecessors,this dissertation defined political philosophy as defense and criticism on ideal politics.Which embodied the following dimensions,first of all,the theme of political ideal,express a kind of value pursuit;secondly,the attitude or the method of this theme,both on the political core of the ideal positive discussion,more reflection,criticism and refutation.Therefore,political philosophy is different from politics or political science,because politics is paying attention to the reality and the operational level;but the political philosophy is to explore reality,on the basis of the practice of philosophy based on the theory and value level.Based on this,we discussed the following contents:what is Hsu Fook-kuan's ideal politics?Around the ideal of political thought,how he debated,in other words,how is the realization of ideal politics possible?What is the Ideal Politics of Hsu Fook-kuan's Vision?We start with the so-called"negative approach".First of all,Hsu Fook-kuan's ideal politics is not what,and then a positive discussion of what it is.One,the traditional politics wasn't the ideal politics.Although the New Confucianism emphasizes "returning to the tradition",it is not to return to the traditional autocracy.On the contrary,he had a profound and severe criticism on the traditional autocratic politics.First,the principle of his criticism was "the debate of Tao(Reason)and Power(shi)",advocated "Reason more respect than the Power(shi)" and "Reason fight against Power(shi)".Second,his criticism of the object was the traditional authoritarian politics.He described in detail the image of the traditional authoritarian and launched a severe criticism,in this,this dissertation took "filial piety" as an example to conduct a detailed division.Third,he was further stripping and cleaning of the traditional autocratic politics through separation "the dispute between Confucianism and Legalism",showing a strong guardian image with "SupportConfucianism and reject Legalism".In this,especially through his division of Xunzi's political thought(the key to the confluence of Confucianism and Legalism).Fourth.how to got out of the traditional authoritarian politics and modern totalitarian politics?Need to overcame the "colonial mentality",focused on cultural differences between Chinese and Western cultures,the distinction between academic and power,to be built in the confidence of their own conscience and rational criticism.Fifth,by comparing Hsu Fook-kuan's and Ch'ien Mu's debates on the three aspects of traditional politics,to further show the value and significance of traditional criticism on tyranny by Hsu Fook-kuan.Two,the western democratic politics wasn't the ideal of political too.Although he took the western democratic politics as the goal,but he thought there were many problems.First,there were two major democracy traditions in the development of Western democracy from ancient Greece to the present,experienced many twists in the process.Through a brief discussion on the process of democracy in China,this dissertation pointed out the differences between Chinese and Western democratic ideology in three aspects.Second,Hsu Fook-kuan fully demonstrated his understanding of modern democratic politics.By discussing Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles and China's pursuit of democracy,and based on the traditional philosophy of the relationship between the three dimensions to expand the discussion,these three dimensions are:the relationship between the content and form of politics,political variables and constants,the quantity and quality of politics.Third,based on the "debate between group and individual" and Hsu Fook-kuan 's criticism of Western modernity to elaborate further on Hsu Fook-kuan 's view of democracy.Through the analysis of the traditional Confucian self-cultivation and governing people are reflected in the political thought of Hsu Fook-kuan's communitarianism tendency,which can repair the shortage of too much importance to individualism in the west in theory.Three,Hsu Fook-kuan's ideal of political--based on the thought of "rule of virtue" of the concept of freedom and democracy.The performance of the new Confucianism as Hsu Fook-kuan "new" side,which opened a new explanation.Hsu Fook-kuan expounded his ideal political thoughts positively,through the pre-Qin Confucian,especially the creative interpretation of the Confucius's political ideal.First,this dissertation elaborated the birth,characteristics,positive factors and shortcomings of"the rule of virtue",and discussed the transformation from "the rule of virtue" to "the rule of law" in order to realize the integration of the two probes.Secondly,it expounded the foundation of Hsu Fook-kuan's view of freedom and democracy through discussing the relationship between politics and morality.Hsu Fook-kua discussed the relationship between politics and morality by the relationship between thought and power,and then discussed the traditional Confucian thought on the relationship between politics and morality,and finally explained the moral as the cornerstone of modern freedom and democracy.After all,it was just know these that pointed out what Hsu Fook-kuan's political ideal,for know why,we need to continue to ask why political ideal?In this regard,based on the basic principles of modern democratic politics and the exploration and pursuit of modern democratic politics in China,this dissertation discussed from three aspects too.One,what is the basis of human,nature of political philosophy?First,Hsu Fook-kuan believed that human nature good mainstream "kind nature" presupposition better than the west which based on the comprehensive investigation and evaluation on pre Qin theory of human.On the one hand,comparative analysis Hsu Fook-kuan "being prepared for any eventualities" and Chang Hao "gloomy-consciousness”,in-depth comparison of the important role and value of the theory of human nature in the construction of political philosophy;on the other,discussed the differences between Chinese and Western democratic political thought based on the comparison of "double optimism"--the theory of human nature of optimism and epistemological optimism and "double pessimism"--human nature the pessimism and epistemological pessimism.Second,through exploration by the way of the mandate of heaven(Tian-ming)to natural law(Tian-dao),and then to the human heart(Ren xin),especially explained and understood of Mencius "practical(Jian-xing)" and "the mandate of heaven(Tian-ming)"by Hsu Fook-kuan,Tang Junyi and Mou Tsung-San,explore internal tensions in the narrow sense of New Confucianism.Third,Through Hsu Fook-kuan's exposition of "the heart in mid-physics(Xing-zhong-zhi-xin)",he showed the difference between the two ways of constructing metaphysics in the narrow sense of New Confucianism-the thinking of metaphysics by Xiong Shi-li,Tang Junyi,Mou Tsung-San which different from Hsu Fook-kuan's practice/concrete metaphysics;he embodied the link between concrete metaphysics and the contemporary life Confucianism through his "heart of indignation(Gan-fen-zhi-xin)",in order to present the modern value and significance of Hsu Fook-kuan's philosophy of human nature.Two,how to turned from "people-oriented" to "democracy"?First,he put forward the"double subjectivity" judgment,which involved the source of political power and distribution issues.Second,the reasonable elements of the traditional bureaucracy,"Prime Minister System" and "Expostulation System" as an example,pointed out that there were two kinds of design of this system is one of the society to the normal operation and development conditions,is an important indicator for authoritarian or not,is a key to understand the political main body.Third,he discussed the three kinds of images of "people-oriented" of the countrymen(Guo-ren),scholar-bureaucrat(Shi),and farmers,whose in "democracy" is the middle class,intellectuals and owner-peasant,detailed characteristics of each kind of political subject,the development and the mission,to provided the basis for the "traditional people"transition to "Democratic People".In particular,Hsu Fook-kuan's expectation of "the owner-peasant and the middle class" was analyzed deeply from the psychological aspect.Fourth,this dissertation expounded the course of the construction of the main body through "the debate on raising and teaching".Adhere to the Confucian teaching before raising the righteous,to generations of Confucian Ideal--with the enlightenment instead of punishment--as a way to shaped the political subject and elements,so as to carried forward the traditional resources,but also could make up for the "acts of good is not good enough for the government,the law can not act on their own" situation.Three,this dissertation discussed the economic basis and cultural idea of ideal politics.First,discussed the free market foundation of ideal politics.Both the admiration of free economic activity in the history and criticism of tyranny especially heavy tax,there was discussion of the average and fair economic thought of Confucian and criticism to the modern colonial economic and business economy.On the basis of this,the paper expounds the important function of the free market economy to the modern democratic politics.Second,it detailed exposition of Confucian liberalism.By analyzing the spirit of Confucianism and Taoism in ancient China and comparing it with Western liberalism,he provided resources for his discussion of Confucianism.He recognized "tolerance" and "negotiation" spiritual in his discussion of Confucianism and Taoism liberalism recognition,similar to the distinction between positive freedom and negative freedom means.In addition,he also elaborated cultural liberalism viewpoint through the traditional public opinion value,on the basis of this,he discussed the construction of modern Chinese free society blueprint,and this free society was based on the order and authority,and thus different from the West.On this basis,it compared the similarities and differences concept of freedom in the narrow sense of New Confucianism internal.In short,Hsu Fook-kuan thought that the "superstructure" such as democracy and freedom in the West existed the problem of foundation instability,which was based on"individualism" and "double pessimism",and China traditional resources especially the Confucian "group harmony","kind nature" and optimism epistemology can just to complement western insufficient.Therefore,the Confucian political philosophy and modern democratic politics is not the relationship between opposites,but the docking and complement each other.Hsu Fook-kuan constructed his ideal political blueprint through the defense of the political thoughts of the ancient and modern Chinese and Western.Of course,in the process of the construction of "open society",we need to further think and explore how to accept the "pessimism" baptism,face and coordination of human evil or that= the dark side of human existence and facts to break simply emphasize the "kind nature" and the limitations of optimism. |
PDF Full Text Request