Research On Ecological Marxism In America

In the 1990s,Marxism in Britain and the United States have replaced Marxism in Europe and become the mainstream of contemporary Western Marxism.Compared with European Marxism,Marxism in Britain and the United States have even more abundant forms and more complicated situations,such as Analytical Marxism,Ecology Marxism,Feminism Marxism,Marxism and Organic Marxism,etc..Among them,ecological Marxism is one of the most influential ideological trends in this mainstream.In the context of the deepening of the ecological crisis of capitalism and the continuous development of ecological movement,ecological Marxism has gained rapid development in many countries.Among them,the United States ecological Marxism is the most representative.In the United States,not only is Marcuse considered by many scholars as the pioneer of ecological Marxism,but also a large number of representatives of ecological Marxism with international influence have also emerged.Therefore,the ecologically-Marxist ideas of the United States are particularly important in ecological Marxism,Western Marxism.This shows that the study of ecological Marxism in the United States can reflect the uniqueness,focus and salience of theoretical research.At the same time,it is also of great significance to study American ecological Marxism.To study the ecological Marxism in the United States is of great significance in deepening the understanding of Marxism in a new era,consolidating the belief in Marxism,promoting the development of Marxism,deepening the understanding of the laws governing the development of capitalism,socialism and human society,and cultivating an ecological culture And to guide new social practice are of great significance.For this reason,this paper starts with the theme of American ecological Marxism,mainly discuss the following contents:First,The theoretical conditions for the emergence and development of ecological Marxism in the United States.American ecological Marxism fundamentally responds to the ecological crisis of Marxism and has profound economic and ecological backgrounds.In the meantime,since the 1950s,the turmoil in the international situation has brought about a complicated situation in the fields of ideology and politics.All these ideological and political backgrounds have prompted the ecologically-Marxist philosophers of the United States to seriously consider the credibility of Marxism,the future of socialism,the causes of ecological crisis and the solution to the problem.In addition,the ecological and cultural traditions of the United States and the philosophers' life experiences also provide fertile ground and conditions for the emergence and development of ecological Marxism in the United States.The emergence and development of ecological Marxism in the United States have benefited from multiple sources of theory and solid scientific and practical foundation in addition to the above complex background causes.Marxism is the most important theoretical source of ecological Marxism in the United States;Soviet-Russian Marxism also has a significant impact on American ecological Marxism;Western Marxism is the most direct theoretical source of ecological Marxism in the United States;and Western green ideological trends of treating nature and respecting the environment Ethics and other ethical attitudes and ideas of the United States ecological Marxist philosophers also have inspiration and reference;ecology,system theory,natural resources,natural geography,climatology,physics,chemistry and other natural sciences development,the history of capitalism,Environmental history,economics and other new social science disciplines and the need to guide the construction of ecological civilization provide a solid scientific and practical basis for the emergence and development of ecological Marxism in the United States.Second,The development logic of American ecological Marxism.Howard Parsons excavated Marx's ecology thought,opened up a precedent for making a theoretical response to ecological crisis in the United States by using Marxism;James O'Connor denied Marx's ecological thinking and reconstructed Marxism;and John Bellamy Foster returned to Howard Parsons' ecological thought to excavate and opposed James O'Connor's denial of Marx's ecological thinking and became the master of ecological Marxism in the United States.Joel Korver not only inherited James O'Connor's denial of Marx's ecological thinking,but also further developed O'Connor's theory of ecology as the center of theory,which led Kvol to the ecocentrism.Paul Paul Unlike other Joel Kvol,he favors and develops Forster's theory and opposes O'Connor's thought of "ecological emptiness" in Marx and further excavates Marx's natural,social and ecological crisis and The idea of its relationship.In this way,the American ecologically-Marxist ideas have undergone arduous theoretical construction through generations of key representatives such as Parsons,O'Connor,Foster,Kavol,and Beckett,especially through the O'Connor Academic Community and Foster Academic The theoretical controversies among Communities,their ideological theory experienced a process of self-denial and self-improvement of the whole theory in their mutual turmoil,and promoted the development of American ecological Marxism from the appearance and maturity to the future in the face of difficulties.Third,Theories of American Ecological Marxism.Philosophical criticism is the theoretical foundation of American ecological Marxism.Philosophers established their own theory of ecological philosophy by reconstructing or defending Marx's historical materialism from the perspective of ecology.Although the theories of ecologic philosophy of ecological science in the United States are all based on Marx's historical materialism,based on the different understandings of philosophers on the relationship between historical materialism and ecology,we can divide American ecological Marxism into two groups:one O'Connor and other representatives,denied the relationship between historical materialism and ecology.One school,represented by Forster and others,considered Marx's world outlook as a profound and systematic ecological world outlook.Ecological criticism is the theoretical subject of American ecological Marxism.Through the theory and reality of the capitalist system critique,the technical critique and the value critique,has established the ecological crisis theory.The root cause of the ecological crisis is the capitalist system and its mode of production as well as the traditional socialist system that follows the capitalist mode of production.Science and technology are not the root cause of the ecological crisis.Science and technology itself have no value and depend on the society using it System;the values of alienated consumption are not conducive to the harmony between man and nature.Political criticism is the theoretical home of American ecological Marxism.The theoretical mission of ecological Marxism in the United States is to explore the ecological political strategy for the solution of the ecological crisis.The American ecologists believe that to solve the ecological crisis,the ecologicalists must first carry out the concept revolution and the other is to carry out the institutional revolution.The United States Ecology Marxists put forward the slogan of rejuvenating socialism,which is not only the call of the times but also the end of the theory.Fourth,The theoretical dialogues and evaluations of ecological Marxism in the United States.There are similarities and differences within the theory of ecological Marxism in the United States,and there are also relations and differences with other countries' ecological Marxist theory.The main contribution of ecological Marxism in the United States is to find a theoretical weapon Marxism that guides us to solve the ecological crisis.When the cause of world socialism is in a low ebb,we revive the human confidence in socialism and expand the study of historical materialism.Deepen your understanding of the ecological crisis and its role in capital,technology,production and consumption.At the same time,the limitations of the American ecological Marxist theory are also obvious.If one can not correctly understand the relationship between economic crisis and ecological crisis,one-sided understanding of socialism,no matter whether the ecological reconstruction of historical materialism or the ecological defense are unilateral or even wrong.But from a dialectical point of view,we believe that the important value that the ecologically-based Marxist theory of the United States has is not only reflected in its contribution but also in its inadequacies and even its mistakes.The author in the above content research mainly has the following creative achievements:The first is to study the topic of innovation.With the title of "Study of American Ecological Marxism",it is innovative in academia.Second,the view that Soviet Marxism is also an important theoretical source of ecological Marxism in the United States is innovative.In academic circles,Soviet Marxism is generally regarded as the critical object of ecological Marxism rather than an important source of theory.This research is innovative.Third,research perspectives and ideas of innovation.With theoretical conditions,theoretical logic,theoretical issues and theoretical comparative evaluation as the framework and content,different from the past,many sources of background,ecological philosophy,the root causes of the crisis and the solution to the path of the content of innovative ideas.Fourthly,the theoretical dialogues of ecological Marxism in the United States are also the highlights of theoretical research.Using comparative analysis,this article compares the internal and external perspectives of the American ecologic Marxist theory and analyzes its commonness and individuality.This kind of research is creative in the academic field.This article takes Marxism as the guidance and takes O'Connor,Kvoll,Foster and Berger as the representatives of the main object of study,using literature research,comparative research and interdisciplinary research methods,the above-mentioned American ecological Marx The theoretical conditions of doctrine,theoretical logic,theoretical issues and theoretical comparative evaluation of the main contents of the study.It should be said that deepening our understanding of Marxism through research,consolidating our belief in Marxism and deepening our thinking on the laws governing the development of capitalism,socialism and human society.At the same time,this research will also help us to summarize and learn from the experience and lessons learned from the development of developed countries and provide reference for countries in the later stages to explore a proper path of development.