Reserch On The Political Elites Group In Turkey Social Transition(1923-2016)

This article uses the Turkish political elites as a research object,aiming to analyze the historical background and the momentum of the evolution of political elites,outline the basic profile of the political elites,sort out the development process of political elites,and explore the interaction between political elites and their interaction with the general public,summarize the characteristics of the Turkish political elites and its impact on the country?s development path.The article includes introduction,text and conclusion.The main body has four chapters.The first chapter outlines the basic profile,historical background and momentum of the evolution of the Turkish political elites.The modernization of the late Ottoman Empire created a group of secularized political elites and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.The main driving forces for the evolution of political elites include economic factors,political factors,and educational factors.The economic transformation is the driving force for the transformation of the political elites.The political transition provides the necessary democratic conditions for the transformation of the political elites.The improvement of the education system laid the foundation for the birth of the new political elites.The second chapter elaborates development process of the political elites.In the first stage,from 1923 to 1950,the main feature of the political elites was secularization.In the second phase,from 1950 to 1960,Turkey transformed to a multi-party system and the composition of the political elites changed,but they were still the secularized elites.In the third stage,from 1961 to 1982,the political elites strove to polarize around ideology.In the fourth stage,from 1983 to 2016,the secular political elites gradually declined,and the conservative elites with Islamic colors gradually emerged and occupied a dominant position.The third chapter analyzes the interaction between political elites.In the one-party dominant period,the secular political elites are very united and they are the guardians of the Turkish state?s social and political development.With the opening of political democratization,Turkey has transitioned from a one-party system to a multi-party system.Since then,high-intensity conflicts between political elites have permeated the development of the country.Since 1950,the conflict between the secular political elites has begun to appear,manifested in the power struggle between the elite of the Democratic Party and the elite of the Republican People's Party.From 1960 to 1982,the struggle between the left and the right wing of the political elites attracted attention.Since 1983,the conflict between political elites has evolved into a duel between the secular elites and the conservative elites and the power struggle between the conservative elites.The fourth chapter explains the interaction between the political elites and the public from three perspectives.From the perspective of social division,since 1923,the secularization of the Kemal government led to the division of elites and the general public;with the gradual loosening of the political environment in 1961,the social division of ideology into the world has led to the formation of patron-client relationship between the political elites and the public;Since1983,with the decline of the left-wing movement and the revival of the Islamic movement,the split between the political elites and the public,that is,the split between the center and the periphery has once again reappeared and marginalized groups have gradually taken center stage.From the point of view of public participation in politics,in the one-party dominant period,public participation is mobilization model;with the opening of political democratization,the interaction between political elites and the general public has increased,and the ways of popular political participation have been diversified,including elections,political parties and interest groups and other channels.From the perspective of social stratification,since 1983,with the implementation of the neo-liberal economic policy,the financial gap between the political elites and the public has become increasingly severe.The conclusion summarizes the basic characteristics of the Turkish political elites and discusses the influence of the political elites on the country?s development path.The main point of this article:(1)Looking at the development of Turkish history,the political elites experienced the development of secularization ?polarization?conservative trend;(2)High-intensity conflict between political elites is the most prominent feature of Turkish elite politics;(3)The relationship between the political elites and the general public has undergone a transition from a governance-type to a communication-type model,from an antagonistic relationship to an interactive one,but there is still a huge split;(4)The game and interaction between the Turkish political elites in the choice of the country?s development path and the design of the system have had a very important impact on the development of politics and economy.From the perspective of the path of political development,in the early days of the founding of Turkey,under the leadership of secular political elites,Turkey embarked on a secularized path of westernization,but in the process,the middle class gradually emerged.As the power of the Islamic political elites gradually increases,Turkey has repeatedly deviated from the direction of secularization.After a long-term game between secular political elites and Islamic political elites,Turkey embarked on the development path of moderate Islamism based on the secular democratic system and achieved a relative balance between religion and secularity.From the perspective of economic development,in the early days of the founding of Turkey,Turkish political elites implemented nationalist economic policies.However,nationalist policie has exposed many problems that have led to the emergence of the state of “government failure”.After,the political elites adopted a liberal economic development model that allowed them to drift freely.This policy has led the Turkish economy to the state of “market failure”.After a long period of exploration,Turkey embarked on a neo-liberal economic development path,replaced its import development strategy with an export-oriented strategy,established a harmonious relationship between the market and the government,and prompted the country to achieve economic growth.After a long history of development,the Turkish political elites gradually embarked on a development path suited to its national conditions and built a distinctive Turkish model featuring Islamic democracy,economic diversification and externalization.