From "Changjun" To "Emperor": A Study Of Pre-Qin Monarchy From The Perspective Of Intellectual History

In this paper,according to studying the forms of the ancient Chinese monarchical power,I find that the monarchical power can be divided into four types,namely,the chief monarch,the state monarch,the king monarch and the emperor monarch.The chief monarchical power existed before the Xia Dynasty,and the typical model of this form wasYao's and Shun's monarchical power form.The state monarchical power existed in Xia and Shang dynasties,and its realistic model was the king Yin of the late Shang Dynasty.The king monarchical power appeared in the western Zhou Dynasty after the completion of the large-scale division of land to the vassals of the states,and the king of the western Zhou is a realistic model.The emperor monarchical power appeared after the first emperor of Qin unified the six kingdoms and created the emperor system and the title,and the power form and power consciousness were modeled after the first emperor of Qin.The first chapter of this paper begins with the chief monarchical power.It is teased out the social organization and power structure of the five emperors period before the Xia Dynasty based on the existing theories of the states origin.It is speculated that there may exist tribal association power form before the Xia Dynasty,and believed that before the advent of the Xia Dynasty,there were a large number of ethnic groups based on blood clan on the Chinese landscape.The ethnic groups became the tribes,and the tribes became the ethnic tribes,and some of the ethnic tribes formed a higher social organization through alliance sand coalitions which is called the "Tribal Association".There were arecessive most powerful ethnic tribes in the "Tribal Association",and a chief of a tribe in this ethnic tribes takes over the post of the supreme leader of the Tribal Association".The power of such a monarch is changed from the superior personal qualities of a hero who leads the crowd.Therefore,the monarchical power of this period is a form of the chief monarchical power,which is based on heroism.The second chapter discusses the end of the five emperors period,and the Yu who came from the Xia tribes became the supreme leader.His personal ability is outstanding and his achievement is outstanding as well.The Xia tribe rose as powerful tribe relied on his own heroic image,and entered a state monarchical form in the relative peaceful torical evolution.This development path is in line with the "chiefdom-state" transformation model proposed by Elman Service.As a result of the evolution of the state,the original "Tribal Association" also developed into the "Nations Union".The "Nations Union" also has a power in heritance system which is not based on personal qualities,but is herited by parent-child relationship tied of blood.In order to strengthen this concept and system,the image of the state monarch and self-shaping began to change.The state monarch gradually separated himself from the status of the hero,and instead emphasized the blood relationship with the late and the living state monarch.After Shang Dynasty,the ancestors belief is much developed,and people think that late monarchs became deities,and had great abilities to man oeuvre of human life,and the living state monarch as their offspring who is able to communicate with the late state monarchs and to deliver human demands.After the establishment of such a "deities-human"relationship,the living state monarch became a great wizard monarchs and became a rare wizard that could communicate with the deities.The power of his position was cemented by mysticism.At that time,the social form presented a multi-consanguineous state.The divine behavior power of the businessman,based on the belief of the ancestors,also hindered the formation of inter-clan power.Therefore,this kind of monarchical power is called "the king monarchical power".The third chapter focuses on the social and ideological changes caused by Shang and Zhou alternating dynasties.Because of the decline of the Shang regime,the Zhou regime began to reform the existing monarchical power.The ancestor god was no longer the deity manipulated the crowds directly,but the power of the crowds is controlled by the rational"god".It is possible to accept the different blood clans due to the inhuman nature of the "god".With the establishment of the system and ideology,such as the division of the lands,the division of the "SHE",the division of the "Tian Ming",the king monarchical power was finally able to achieve.The fourth chapter discusses the social instability and ideological collapse after the end of the western Zhou Dynasty.It is believed that if the foundation of the old king monarchical power collapsed,the new idea of monarchical power would have its own soil for growth.Under the influence of the democratic thought and the wave of the worship of the holy,the new concept of monarchical power which is based on the image emperor of the living saints began to appear.Finally,under this thought,the emperor monarchical power of Qin became absolute and extreme.Eventually,under this kind of thought,the first emperor of Qin built the Qin Empire which is centralized,running the country according to law,and Qin lawfully,and national administrators became teachers.