Shi Mi-Yuan’ Political World: The Transmutation Of The Political Ecology And The Power Form In The Late Southern Song Dynasty(1208-1259)

This thesis is not about Shi Mi-Yuan individual research, but the political process and power operation of the Southern Song Dynasty from Ning-tsung(宁宗) late (K’ai Hsi third year,1208) to Li-tsung(理宗) late (K’ai-ch’ing first year,1259), using the political activities, relationships, and influence of Shi Mi-Yuan as the clue. To be specific, the first is the origin and establishment of Shi Mi-Yuan regime. Ning-tsung(宁宗) K’ai Hsi third year, "Northern Expedition"(开禧北伐) hosted by Han T’o-chou(韩侂胄)was on the edge of losing, and then the coup group led by Shi Mi-Yuan who was also one of the host assassinated Han T’o-chou (韩侂胄)in "Yu Chin Garden(玉津园)". "Assassinated Han", fundamentally, was continuation of anti "people at emperor’s side" and anti "arbitrary" battle since Hsiao-tsung(孝宗) Regime.Subsequently, the coup group grasped the central core power, and through Chia-ting Zi Shan-t’ang "meeting" with the Prince Ching-hsie(景献太子), they turned the political space from imperial palace to Zi Shan-t’ang, turned the political main body from "people at emperor’s side" to prime minister in power, which was the regression of the prime minister’s politics. The result of prime minister political regression, however, is the rise of Shi Mi-Yuan, who elbow other coup members out of court, and built the new government taken the practical officers such as "four woods" as the core and was mix up with Ch’ing Liu(people who were moral models) through influence on Prince Ching-hsien(景献太子) and Queen Yang.Secondly, this thesis transfers perspective to Ch’ing Liu’s activities in the era of Shi Mi-Yuan and its interaction with Shi’s regime. In the era of Han T’o-chou(韩侂 胄), Ch’ing Liu suffered severe persecution because of the "Ch’ing-yuan ban on political parties". After his regime was built, Shi Mi-Yuan used political way such as calling Ch’ing Liu together and giving Taoism sages posthumous titles to win the support and cooperation of Ch’ing Liu. During this period, there were some arguments with part of the Ch’ing Liu because of the political divide, but the two sides still had an open dialogue on the common basic, and they did not turn themselves into a serious parties and groups struggle. Until Ning-tsung(宁宗)died, Shi Mi-Yuan manipulated his power to support Li-tsung(理宗) and forced King Chi, who originally can inherit the throne, to die, which is called the "Sha Chuan incident", Ch’ing Liu broke with Shi Mi-Yuan in the end. Facing to the Ch’ing Liu attack, Shi Mi-Yuan used an "iron hand" to depose all the opponents so that undercurrent surging political situation was stable.Finally, after Shi Mi-Yuan died, Li-tsung(理宗) walked from the behind to the front, "prime minister’s politics" renewed by Shi Mi-Yuan come to an end. Li-tsung(理宗), under the double pressure of Shi Mi-Yuan authority and clean opinion, adopted the strategy of "Tuan-p’ing" on the employment, that is to say, the alien party problem during the Northern Song Dynasty while he actually followed "dictatorial(独断)" political thinking of Hsiao-tsung(孝宗).On the foreign strategy, Li-tsung(理宗) gave up Shi Mi-Yuan’s steady strategy of "don’t take the initiative to provoke" and took venture to launch military action for recovering three capitals, then failed.The failure of "Attack on Luo in Tuan-p’ing" caused the chain effect which is the Mongolia crusade Song in Tuan-p’ing second year (1235). Great army of Mongolia intensified the contradiction between the Southern Song Dynasty Hsiang-yang garrison and the "northern army", eventually made to "northern army" rebellion, which is called Tuan-p’ing "Rebellion of Hsiang-yang". Then the Southern Song Dynasty court began to have introspection on the "Attack on Luo in Tuan-p’ing" and adjusted personnel on a large scale. However, with the constant impact of the Mongolian powerful enemy, the "dictatorial(独断)" politics of Li-tsung(理宗) is difficult to continue, finally strongmen such as Shi Mi-YUan (史弥远) were in power again.In a word, politics of this period has been in the alternate circulation mode of emperor "dictatorial(独断)" and all the power grabbed by prime minister. Investigate its reason, a possible vision is that under the wartime state of foreign crush, the ideality "recovery" was always kept in the Southern Song emperors’mind since the country was established, while the emperor took easily "dictatorial(独断)" politics in order to coordinate "recovery" strategy. Once the "recovery" strategy failure, the voice of anti "dictatorial(独断)" in court would drag political form back to "prime minister politics".The "prime minister" politics is the maximization of the prime minister power:one of the conditions that the prime minister can expand their rights is to meet the need of stability, and the other one is the less competent supervision and the separation of Southern Song Dynasty political system than Northern Song Dynasty, which is also related to the pressure of the external environment in a way.