The Study Of South Korea's Film Policy After 1990s

In the 1990s,the South Korean government established a development strategy of"culture-based" and promoted the film to the level of national strategic policy,giving strong support and revitalization.Since then,Korean movies have broken through many difficulties and embarked on the road of rapid development,and have achieved world-renowned achievements,which is called the "Hanjiang Miracle" in the film industry.A systematic study of South Korean film policy will help us find the reasons for the success of Korean films,gain experiences in film policy development,and understand the relationship between culture and power behind film policy.The thesis takes the South Korean film policy after the 1990s as the research object,tries to cross the dichotomy of "cultural research-policy research",and uses the theory and analysis methods of public policy to analyze the nature,effect and characteristics of the policy;Based on Raymond Williams's cultural research theory,Jurgen Habermas's public domain theory,and Jim McGuigan's cultural policy discourse theory,committed to combing the history of South Korean film policy from a critical perspective.Through research on the changing process,specific content and policy effects of South Korean film policy,it is expected to bring some useful enlightenment to the improvement of China's film policy and the development of the film industry.The full text is divided into three parts:introduction,body and conclusion.The introduction part discusses the reasons,research status and research methods of this paper.In recent years,South Korean film and South Korean film policies have been the subject of research and discussion in China's community.The paper focuses on the South Korean film policy after the 1990s,not only because the 1990s was a crucial turning point in the history of South Korean film policy,but also the most crucial period for the rapid development of South Korean movies.After the 1990s,the South Korean film market was fully open to the outside world and officially accepted the challenge of Hollywood films.As a country that has successfully solved the Hollywood threat,the South Korean government's experience in film management and operation is worth learning and learning.Among the existing research materials,the South Korean academic community's research on domestic film policy is mainly based on 2000 as the demarcation point.Prior to 2000,the research results on South Korean film policy were not only small,but also a single research perspective.After 2000,due to the government's emphasis on the film industry,the South Korean academic community's research on film policy began to enter the blowout stage,and the research perspective was diversified,and a more comprehensive research system was formed.Although China's academic circles pay more attention to the rise of South Korean movies,the research content mainly focuses on the text analysis of movies and the brief introduction of the film industry.The research on film policy is less and has a one-sided praise attitude.Chapters 1 to chapter 5 are the body of this article.The first chapter is mainly to sort out the development process of South Korean film policy before the 1990s.This section divides the history of South Korean film policy into three phases.The first stage was the burgeoning period of film policy under Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945.During this period,the film was introduced into the Joseon peninsula as an emerging mass media in the form of colonial transplantation of modern culture.Although Korean films began to appear during this period,their creation and expression have always been oppressed.The Japanese colonial film policy was mainly aimed at suppressing national emancipation thoughts and propagating militarism.The strict censorship system is the most important content.The second stage was the chaotic period of the film policy after the establishment of the Republic of South Korea from 1945 to 1960.At this stage,the Joseon peninsula has successively experienced major historical events such as the surrender of Japanese colonists,the outbreak of the Korean War,the split between the North and the South,the US military occupation,and the establishment of the government of the Republic of South Korea.The South Korean film has experienced countless times of ups and downs along with the frustrated national destiny.The film policy is also due to the chaos of the main body,which leads to frequent changes in policy objectives and directions.The policy content is also in a state of change,lacking consistency and coherence.The third stage was the period from 1961 to 1984,when the film policy system centered on the Film Law.In 1961,Park ChungHee launched a military coup to seize power,and South Korea officially entered the "military regime." South Korea's first film basic law,the Film Law,was enacted during this period,and the government-led film policy based on protection and regulation was established.But the film is always subordinate to politics and serves politics,making it difficult to achieve real development.The second chapter is to analyze the changes and contents of South Korean film policy in the late 1980s and early 1990s.The fifth revision of the Film Law of 1984 marked the beginning of a shift in government-led film policies based on protection and regulation.The conversion of the film industry licensing system to the registration system,the establishment of an independent film system,the separation of manufacturing operations and the import industry have led to the liberalization of Korean film production,and the previous monopolistic production structure has also been cracked.This change in policy is not a reflection of the internal self-regulation of the South Korean film industry,but the result of the advancement of this external force in the United States.The US government's strategic adjustment to South Korea prompted it to force the South Korean government to open up the film market through two Korea-US trade agreements to dump Hollywood movies and make up for the trade deficit with South Korea.In the late 1980s,the negative response of the Chun DooHwan government made South Korean films in the face of Hollywood movies and was pushed to the brink of survival.It was not until the Kim YoungSam government came to power in the 1990s that the South Korean film policy really turned from a negative response to a positive revitalization.Analysis of the reasons for the change:First,the reform of political democratization in the 1990s provided political guarantee for the reform of film policy.Secondly,the sweep of neo-liberalism changed the government's understanding of film,and the film changed from ideological tools to cultural goods with economic value and cultural value.As a result,the film policies after the 1990s were mainly industrialized and revitalized,supplemented by cultural support.Third,the shift in South Korean film policy is also inseparable from the persistence and efforts of Korean filmmakers.Discussing the concrete manifestation of the film policy turn,the paper elaborates on the establishment of the Korea Film Promotion Committee,the abolition of the film censorship system,the introduction of the film grading system,and the establishment of the film revitalization vault.In addition,the specific film policies of successive South Korean governments after the 1990s were summarized and compared to illustrate the changing trend of South Korean film policies.The policy effect is the final reflection and concrete manifestation of the application of policy means and the realization of policy objectives,and also the way to test whether the policy is effectively implemented.The third and fourth chapters of the thesis respectively explain the economic and cultural effects of South Korean film policy after the 1990s.The third chapter analyzes the economic effects of film policy from three aspects:domestic market,overseas market and additional copyright market.First of all,the South Korean film policy in the 1990s focused on supporting the domestic market.Through the government's vigorous introduction of market capital,improvement of industrial base and investment and guidance of public funds,the industrial capital structure of multi-subjects was formed and the scale of capital was expanded.It is a prerequisite for the rapid development of the South Korean film industry.The Korean blockbuster debuted in 1999 as a result of the highly industrialization of the film,and relied on a strong audience appeal to reverse the situation in which Hollywood dominated the local market and brought about a surge in the economic benefits of the South Korean film industry.Secondly,the support and development of overseas markets is an important part of the South Korean film policy after 2006,and it is also the way for the government to improve the film revenues by relying too much on local box office and looking for economic growth points.This chapter analyzes the economic effects of film policy in overseas markets through three aspects:the export of films,the production of international co-productions and the export of film technology services.With the support of the government,the export of Korean movies has now formed a situation in which both film exports and technical services exports are heavy.In particular,Lee Myungbak government's support for film technology has enabled South Korea's export of film technology services to exceed the export of films.The amount provides a possibility for further development of overseas markets.Third,in addition to the domestic market and overseas markets,the popularity of the Internet and the development of digital technology have greatly increased the additional copyright revenue outside the box office.However,due to the lack of awareness of copyright protection,film piracy and illegal downloading behavior are rampant.To this end,the South Korean government has enacted the"Copyright Law",formulated a copyright market standard contract scheme,and constructed measures such as the film network market information integration and calculation network to fully protect the copyright market of Korean movies and achieved certain results.The policy content focused on supporting and revitalizing the industry after the 1990s has indeed increased the economic efficiency of the South Korean film industry.However,the excessive tilt of the policy on the value of the film economy has led to serious industrial structure problems and cultural problems behind the market boom.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes and evaluates the cultural effects of South Korean film policy after the 1990s.After 2006,the South Korean government began to pay attention to the cultural value of the film in the film policy,and formulated a series of policies to support the development of film culture.This chapter adopts three policy contents:support policies for diverse films such as art films and independent films,support policies for culturally disadvantaged groups and support policies for film education.Explain and analyze the implementation results of the above policies.First of all,the support policies for the art film and independent film to ensure the screening opportunities,although to some extent increased the opportunities for the release of the diversity of films,but still need to take more targeted support.Secondly,the support policies focusing on the convenience of viewing and viewing of residents in remote areas and audiovisual disabled people have expanded the people's right to share film culture.In addition,the issue of equality in the film industry and the convenience of viewing foreigners in Korea have also begun to put forward policies.Third,film education has achieved great results in the technical education of training film production professionals.The fifth chapter is mainly about the evaluation and outlook of South Korean film policy.First,using the horizontal comparison method,based on the cultural policy model of Harry Hillman Chatterland and Claire McCorge,compare the South Korean film policy with the film policies of the United States,France,and the United Kingdom.To reveal the characteristics of the Korean film policy that distinguishes it from other countries' film policies,and further enrich the research system of the article.Based on the elaboration of the status of the Korean film industry,it points out the future direction of the South Korean film policy.The conclusion part mainly summarizes the experience and enlightenment of film policy formulation,implementation and improvement through the analysis and evaluation of South Korean film policy.