Research On The Thought Of Goldmann's Tragic Philosophy

Aiming at the new changes in the Western capitalist society,standing on the Marxist standpoint,analyzing the internal pathology of the capitalist society,and trying to explore the path of the Western socialist revolution are the meaning of the Western Marxist philosophy theory.French Marxist Lucien Goldman inherited the tradition of cultural criticism and ideological critique of Western Marxist philosophy,reflected on the living conditions of human beings in capitalist society,examined the issue of human freedom,sought the path of human liberation,and revealed the contradictory relationship between man and the world,criticized the capitalist society's overall rule over man,identified the collusion of capital and reason,forming a unique tragic philosophical theory.In Goldman's view,the major problem of the Western socialist revolution in the 20th century was to break the illusion of human life in capitalist society.Goldman tries to expose the true state of human existence through the construction of tragic philosophy,so that people can re-recognize the true self,break the full control of capitalism on human thought,and make the proletariat clearly understand the historical mission of their existence.Inspire the critical consciousness and revolutionary consciousness of the proletariat in the existing capitalist world.Goldman's tragic philosophy inherits the social critical theory of Western Marxist philosophy,and explores the liberation path of proletarian by analyzing the survival of human beings in Western capitalist society.From the point of Goldman's view,the enlightenment rationality of the 18th century liberated people from the theological rule by opposing religion.Today,the cultural and historical crisis bred inside the enlightenment rationality gradually emerges,causing many cultural dilemma modern people's survival and development.Modem philosophy is based on the epistemology of subject and object,and separates the subject from the external world,trying to understand human freedom through the understanding of things.Therefore,modern metaphysics is based on universal causality,classifies knowledge by unidirectional determining and determined relation to classify knowledge,and to pursue the final determinant,namely the entity.The entity of modem rationalism is abstracted from the different things into universal common entities.The different things are reduced to the common absolute essence,and the common essence is used to control and grasp other aspects of things,which become the criterion of truth.Anything that is inconsistent with "the common essence" will be ignored,removed or even transformed.It possesses and influences all heterogeneity factors with absolute authority.It is such an intrinsic way of thinking that leads to the transformation of rationality into instrumental rationality.Through constructing the tragic philosophy,Goldman carried out a pathological analysis of the materialization phenomenon of capitalist society from the perspective of ontology.Goldman believes that rational factors are very important to people,but they are not all of them.As for the criticizing the apocalyptic belief,the modern rationalist philosophy has important progressive significance.It liberates people from the state of obscurity and makes them re-examine themselves,which has played a huge role in human liberation.However,at the time when modern rationalist philosophy will criticize the religious theological beliefs,faith is also abandoned,and paranoid to rational knowledge certainty.In fact,religious philosophy is an important link in the history of Western philosophy.It is an important period for the promotion of philosophy in faith.The questioning of faith in religious philosophy is a reflection of the limitedness of human beings.It is impossible for a human being to fully understand the relationship between their free existence and absolute freedom.Human rationality is always limited,and can only approach the infinite existent entity.Therefore,religious philosophy expands people's understanding of their own limitedness.However,the practice that religious philosophy promote faith and derogation of rationality shackles people's self-awareness,while the modern philosophy is influenced by the natural sciences to raise the rational position and abandon the beliefs,which makes people lose their understanding of world values.Therefore,Goldman believes that if we want to restore the comprehensive relationship between rationality and belief,science and morality,facts and values,we should analyze it from the practical activities of people in the world.First,Goldman constructed the tragic worldview based on the concept of "all and nothing".In Goldman's view,the core of the tragic worldview is "all and nothing",neither "all" nor "nothing",not to affirm which one,but the combination of the two.He opposes Hegel and Nietzsche as a reconciliation of tragedy,and believes that tragedy is an eternal break on the ontology.The existence of man as a reality means that there is an indispensable relationship between "all" and "black",reflecting and confirming each other.It is imperfect for people to survive and live in the world.The practice of human beings must point to the grasp of perfection of the world,that is," nothing." If there is no"nothing",it will be difficult for people to maintain independence and surpass the world.On the one hand,"all" means that human practice reaches the identity of subject and object in a limited world.People can confirm their strength through practical activities.On the other hand,"nothing" as a grasp of the infinite existence is that people's practical activities are constantly approaching the purpose and is the essence of "all".The process of the practice of human beings constantly resists "all" in the "nothing" and approaches"nothing" is the essence of tragedy.Goldman believes that "all and nothing" can't be paranoid,but understand "all and "black" as a whole.It is where that people realize their actions reality lies in.Full of hope,but hope is not within the world,but beyond the world and yourself in hope.Secondly,Goldman believes that the lack of "nothing" has led to the decline of tragic consciousness.Modern rationalist philosophy tries to establish a moral individual by rational critique of religious beliefs to achieve a finite and infinite reconciliation,excludes uncertain factors from knowledge,and then forms deterministic knowledge of the world.In Goldman's view,the conspiracy of modern rationalism and capital has created the double tragedy nature of human existence and life.On the one hand,the limited people face the fear and longing of the infinite world,and constantly surpass the existing world in human practice,showing the tragedy of life value in the struggle of"nothing" against "all";on the other hand,people are immersed in the existing world,conforming to the existing world and showing the fragmentation of life and ignoring the tragedy of life value.The latter aspect shows that capitalist exploitation is in a hidden state,and the true existence of human existence and life is also concealed by capitalist commodity relations.The tragedy of life struggle is replaced by the pursuit of enjoyment and consumption activities in capitalist society.The capitalist society is in an upside down state,replacing the truth with falsehood.Therefore,Goldman believes that the central issue of tragic thought is the dialectical thinking that combines science and morality.That is,in modern times when rationalism prevails,how can we restore the super-personal morality while replacing the religious beliefs,and re-establish the tragedy consciousness based on the combination of "all" and "nothing".Finally,in Goldmann's view,the establishment of the "all" and "nothing" is ultimately to realize the liberation of tragic people.If we want to realize the liberation of tragic people,we must restore the community and the universe that modern philosophy cancelled and let people realize their real existence again.Marx clearly pointed out that real individuals are individuals engaged in practical activities.The individual and the community are mutually constructed,and a symbiotic and co-existing practical relationship is formed between the individual and the society.In practice,the individual cannot exist without the community,and the community must appear in the individual.Therefore,the liberation of human beings is not the liberation of isolated individuals,but the liberation of human beings can only be achieved by incorporating individuals into the collective,group and social communities.Only in the community's practical activities can individuals form the concept of totality,form tragic hopes for the consciousness of totality,guide people's actions to the possible future,realize the relationship between individuals and the community,strive to assume the responsibility of the community,constantly improve the existing world in their actions and strengthen the beliefs of the future world.In his vision of future socialism,Goldmann highly praised Yugoslavia's worker autonomy and believed that it not only guaranteed the socialist nature,but also fully demonstrated socialist democracy.However,it is worth noting that Goldmann tends to be conservative in theory and has the characteristics of reformism.In short,Goldmann,as one of the theorists of French Marxist philosophy,his theory is influenced by both French philosophical tradition and western Marxist philosophy.In the process of reading Marx's text,he gradually formed his own tragic philosophy.Goldmann's tragic philosophy absorbed the Marxist theory of French humanism,but he believed that the Marxist theory of humanism based on individual freedom still did not exceed the universality and abstraction of modern philosophy.At the same time,he also engaged in a theoretical confrontation with the Marxist theory of French scientism,believing that the practice of French scientism headed by Althusser excluding the subject from the historical structure is a "Mechanical Determinism".Goldmann tried to unify facts and values in the process of absorbing humanism and scientism in French Marxist philosophy,but it was not the same as Hegel's,but to re-stimulate the interaction between facts and values through the break between thinking and exsiting,eliminate Hegel's eclecticism,put forward that the subject and object are not completely unified,regard historical activities as a directional and continuous process,and try to stimulate Marxism's criticism and revolution.However,Goldmann's Kantian interpretation of Marx's thought makes Marx's thought more open and inclusive,but also weakens the reality of Marx's thought.At the same time,Goldman's understanding of dialectical thinking is limited to formalizing the content of experience,relying on absolute value norms in historical development.He does not see that the content itself is a process of selfrealization,self-movement and improvement through internal contradictions,but also a contradictory self-sublation displayed by the world in its internal structure.In the past,people always regarded dialectics as a method of understanding external objects or as a general law like iron,however,they ignores that dialectical logic is not the logic of spiritual concept,but a practical logic,and the development of history is the unfolding of human practical activities.Therefore,practical logic is also historical logic,showing the inevitability of historical development.Goldmann's tragic philosophy attempts to awaken the working class's revolutionary consciousness against the existing world through the logic of practice,while his tragic theory opposes the radical way of realizing the revolution,and believes that there is no one-time completion,but a gradual liberation,the approach of revolutionary purpose tends to be conservative on the issue of proletarian revolution,but tends to be reformist and falls back into a utopia.