| The policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity once played an important role in the process of modernization of China's higher education.The policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity was the main use of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity and it was stipulate in Boxer Prtocol that China needed to pay an indemnity of 450,000,000 customs taels,among which 34,072,500 customs taels should be paid to the United States.With the game between China and the United States on Boxer Indemnity,the United States took the lead in proposing to "refund the Boxer Indemnity";through the resolution of United States Congress,the received indemnity of 24 million dollars was refunded to China,the first refund of 10.78 million dollar was returned in 1908 and the second refund of 12.5454 million was returned in 1924.From the first refund to the second one,16 years passed.At that time,China had changed from Qing Government to Beijing Government of Republic of China and the United States also had experienced five presidents,but the United States' attitude toward refunds to China had not changed.It can be seen that both China and the United States attach great importance to issues concerning remission of Boxer Indemnity,and the United States also attaches great importance to China's foreign relations and policies.When the United States Congress passed the bill of remission of Boxer Indemnity,it also decided to use the refunded boxer indemnity to initiate the cultural and educational undertakings in China and use it as a special expense for China to send overseas students to get further study in the American universities.After consultation with Qing Government at that time,the United States finally decided that China should send 100 students to the United States for further study each year from 1909 to 1913 and then from the fifth year,China should at least send 50 students to the United States for further study every year until all the boxer indemnities were refunded.In June 1909,Beijing established Student Affairs Division of Overseas Study in the United States based on the Regulations on Sending Students to Study in the United States and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Academic Department jointly managed the affairs of students studying in the United States,including the allocation and dispatch work.The recruit examination for the first batch of students studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity were successfully implemented in July 1909 and lasted to 1925;among the 16 years,China sent a total of 1031 overseas students to the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity.The Student Affairs Division of Overseas Study in the United States founded by Qing Government held the public examination in Beijing to select students to study in the United States and sent students to study in the universities of United States by stages.In view of this policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Academic Department also set up the supervision office of overseas students in the United States to manage students studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity in addition to the formulation of Regulations on Sending Students to Study in the United States.In order to solve the selection problem of students studying in the United States,the Student Affairs Division of Overseas Study in the United States decided through consultation to found Imperial Tsinghua School as the preparatory school for overseas students in the United States.Hence,the personnel selection and training mode for the policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity was normalized and the upsurge of studying in the United States was kicked off.The policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity promoted unprecedented revolution and earthquake in higher education after May Fourth New Culture Movement,which contributed a lot to the development of higher education after May Fourth Movement;the reforming tendency of May Fourth Movement also reflected the gradual modernization of Chinese education as well as the continuous development,progress and innovation in the direction of democracy,science and freedom.The policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity promoted Chinese education to enter the modernization process and provided extremely profound examination,lesson and enlightenment to the development of Chinese higher education.Based on the influence of the remission of American Boxer Indemnity on modernization of modern Chinese higher education as well as its enlightenment,value level,system level and case study,this paper will explore and analyze the modernization of modern Chinese higher education from all levels and analyze its experience and lessons together with enlightenment to the development of modern Chinese higher education,hoping to provide reference for the modernization development of higher education.This paper can be divided into five chapters and the specific chapter contents are as follows:Chapter one is the introduction that will introduce the research background and significance of this paper and indicate that the in-depth study on Sino-American Boxer Indemnity has very important realistic meaning to the discussion on the origin and development of modern Chinese education,defects in the development of modern Chinese education and its future development path.Meanwhile,the development of education should also draw lessons from history and fully study the development history of education,which can provide a more solid theoretical foundation for the modernization of education in China and the development of education in the world.Secondly,the literature review will be analyzed to indicate that the existing research results at home and abroad mainly focus on the analysis of a certain domain or aspect of the policy of "remission of boxer indemnity to sponsor education" between China and the United States without exploring the comprehensiveness of "remission of boxer indemnity to sponsor education"and there are few monographs and papers on this subject;in the research on history,the Chinese scholars have one-sidedness,they often only pay attention to history,but forget to take history as a mirror and their purpose of research is not to study,but to guide,which will be avoided in this paper.Thirdly,the research methods of this paper will be introduced,mainly including:combining macro and micro,history of mentality,combining longitudinal study with horizontal research,and combining history of philosophy with history of thoughts.Fourthly,the innovation points of this paper will be introduced.Finally,the research contents of this paper will be summarized.Chapter two is the study on the historical background and funds using process of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity;firstly,the historical background of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity will be summarized,which mainly includes the remission background,process of game between China and the United States,and American's determination on indemnity;secondly,the main flow direction of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity will be introduced and the specific contents of flow direction will be explained through the study on object,management and results;thirdly,the decision and funds using process for sponsoring education by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity will be analyzed,which is the core problem of this chapter and the specific decision and funds using organization for sponsoring education by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity as well as the dominance in decision and funds using for sponsoring education by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity will be mainly introduced to fundamentally analyze the essential purpose of funds using.Chapter three is the educational role of the first Sino-American Boxer Indemnity.Firstly,it introduces that Boxer Indemnity have promoted the formation of Chinese overseas student system;a special organization for selecting and sending students to study in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity was set up and the combination of selection and examination was implemented and improved continuously,which reflected the further improvement of educational management mechanism in China;secondly,the influence of new education ideas brought back by the students studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity on the development of China's education will be introduced,mainly from four aspects:introduction of western educational ideas and methods,realization of school system reform,promotion of higher education development and exploration of suitable education mode in China.Thirdly,many historical figures cultivated by the policy of studying in the United States by using the remission of Boxer Indemnity will be introduced,which can be divided into leading figures of the times and those of subjects,and their life stories and contributions to development of modern education in China will also be expounded in detail.Chapter four is the educational function of the second Sino-American Boxer Indemnity;first of all,the background of the second Sino-American Boxer Indemnity and the establishment of Education and Culture Foundation of China will be introduced;under the joint efforts of Minister of Foreign Affairs,ambassador to the United States,overseas Chinese in the United States and domestic education groups,second Sino-American Boxer Indemnity was realized to promote the establishment of Education and Culture Foundation of China;the function and influence of Education and Culture Foundation of China will also be expounded;Secondly,the promotion effect of Education and Culture Foundation of China on the development of higher education in China will be introduced,mainly from the establishment of science professorship,funding of scientific equipment in universities,"special funds for cooperation" between Education and Culture Foundation of China and Peking University,and invitation of famous foreign professors to give lectures in China;thirdly,the promoting effect of Education and Culture Foundation of China on the development of library in China will be introduced from the establishment process of National Capital Library and the cooperation between Education and Culture Foundation of China and university library;fourthly,the financial support of Education and Culture Foundation of China on scientific researches in China will be introduced and its financial support on the Biological Laboratory of Chinese Society,Fan Memorial Institute of Biology and other research institutions will be expounded.Chapter five is the comprehensive analysis on the influence of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity on Modern Chinese Education;firstly,the influence of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity on Modern Chinese Education will be stated from the rise of pragmatic educational theory,emphasis on educational function theory and educational independence theory and initiative of scientific movement in education;secondly,the influence of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity on the Modern Chinese Education system will be elaborated from the birth of Boxer Indemnity and Renxu School System,the specific contents of Renxu School System and the influence of Renxu School System on education system;thirdly,the influence of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity on the Modern Chinese Education system will be expounded from education course reform and teaching materials reform;finally,the above research contents of this paper will be discussed and analyzed,and the positive and negative effects of Sino-American Boxer Indemnity on the development of modern Chinese education will be analyzed and elaborated respectively.Chapter six is the conclusion,in which a comprehensive analysis on the research results of this paper will be made and the conclusions will be drawn. |
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