A Study Of Early Marxist People's Rational Thought

Early Marx believed that people's rationality is the highest stage of spiritual development and the high unity of thinking and existence.It aims at exploring the objectivity of rationality from people's real life.Therefore,although Marx's thought of people's rationality was still confined to the conservative system of Hegel's philosophy,it launched a series of social and political criticism and profound philosophical thinking from the reality of the people,revolutionizing the unity of people and rationality.People's rational thought is the logical starting point of Marxist people's view.The disintegration of Hegelian philosophy means that German speculative philosophy has come to the end of history.There is an irreconcilable theoretical contradiction within it:the opposition of system and method.Through the comprehensive criticism of religion,the Youth Hegelian Movement has found the way of freedom for reason in "self-consciousness".They gave full play to the principle of initiative of the subject.While breaking through the feudal conservative system of Hegelian philosophy,they were too far behind.This mistake was corrected by Marx.In his Doctoral Dissertation,Marx put forward the concept of "freedom in the middle",aiming at linking rationality which is totally addicted to "self-consciousness" with the objective world outside the subject and finding a theoretical space close to the reality of Germany,which also laid a theoretical keynote for the rational thought of the people.Rhine is the birthplace of "people's reason".On the basis of"people's rationality",Marx made a profound analysis of the issues of freedom of the press,hierarchy,social poverty,ideological and speech,and other social realities.Universal freedom realistic spirit and rational popularity constitute the internal logic of "people's rationality",First universal freedom is the philosophical premise of "people's reason",Universal freedom is different from the freedom of will in western traditional philosophy,it pays more attention to the freedom of human development;universal freedom is also different from the freedom of form in modern western political philosophy,it pays more attention to the freedom of substance.Secondly,the spirit of reality is the basic core of "people's rationality".In Hegel's view,the national spirit is the highest embodiment of rationality,but in Marx's view,only the people's spirit can reflect the true side of rationality,is the real "reality",that is,deep into the "essence of history once".Finally,rational popularity is the theoretical purpose of "people's rationality".The history of the development of reason shows that before Marx,reason was always regarded as the existence of the Holy Spirit who was separated from the people and even opposed to the people.Marx,on the other hand,established rationality on the people's perceptual practice and unified the state and the people,thus uniting rationality and the people's nature.The four domains of "people's rationality" are the extension of people's rational thought,which develops in the form of criticism.First of all,religious criticism is the premise of all criticism.Marx believes that neither Strauss's nor Powell's nor Feuerbach's criticisms can be attuned to the essence of religious criticism.Only by understanding people's spiritual world as the objectification of secular material life and trying to liberate religion through changing the real communication relationship,can we truly achieve human liberation.Secondly,the criticism of ethics and morality is the criticism of the foundation of feudal society.In the past,all ethics and moral practice have broken off the relationship with people's production and life,and become pure subjective consciousness activities.But Marx built ethics and morality on the concrete historical development of human beings.Thirdly,the critique of law is a critique of the theoretical form of modern state.Hegel's philosophy of law is the theoretical embodiment of modern state,which regards state and law as the highest form of spiritual development.The criticism of law aims at resetting this relationship and regards the will of the people as the source of the state and the foundation of law.Finally,the criticism of civil society really hit the core of criticism.The essence of civil society is people's material relationship.In the final analysis,the relationship between religion ethics and law is people's material communication relationship.Therefore,all criticisms must be unified in political and economic criticism in order to reach the core of the problem.In the historical materialism,we can find the trace of Marx's critical development of people's rational thought.First,the reason why Marx's practical view can become the symbol of his philosophical revolution is that he has penetrated into the process of people's real life,and thus truly grasped the relationship between perception and rationality,existence and consciousness.Practical materialism is the philosophical sublation of "people's reason".Secondly,the class position of the proletariat in the historical materialism directly inherits the people's position in the "people's rationality".It puts the people into certain social relations to analyze,and raises the people's will as a political appeal.3.The purpose of social revolution is to "make people change universally".The essence of revolution is a series of fundamental changes in social relations such as production relations and political relations.Therefore,the main body of revolution is the people,whose spiritual dominance is the will of the people.Fourthly,Hegel put the state above the people,while Marx's view of the state restored the relationship between the state and the people and regarded the people as the foundation of the state.State power is the highest expression of the general will of the people and the social will derived from the people's practice.5.The social ideal constructed by imaginary rationality is utopia which is Utopian socialism,while the social ideal constructed by realistic rationality is scientific socialism;the imaginary rationality is divorced from the people's rationality,and the realistic rationality is based on the people's rationality.The contemporary appearance of people's rational thought is highlighted in the dialogue between Marxism and contemporary western political thoughts.Rawls elevated equality to a certain political level,trying to correct the bias of "attaching importance to freedom,despising equality" in the western political tradition,but still unable to fundamentally solve the problem of social justice.Nozick,on the other hand,takes individual rights as the highest criterion,exerts the principle of individualism to the extreme,thus bringing liberalism to the extreme.It can be seen that the justice and freedom pursued by Rawls and Nozick are,to a certain extent,divorced from the people and even from rationality.Communitarianism tries to return to human social relations.They advocate public goodness and establish a "community of goodness".But too much entanglement between good and right makes it difficult for communitarianism to break through the complex contradictions between people and state,individuals and communities.As a representative of republicanism,Habermas emphasized the role of democracy in political life and put forward the concept of procedural justice.Procedural justice pays more attention to the significance of social individuals to national political decision-making.However,in the context of Western capitalist system,such procedural justice is prone to fall into formalism.After only one hundred years of exploration,the Chinese people have opened up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics,and at the same time opened up a new field of "people's rationality";the spiritual guidance of the proletarian party and the practical strategy of keeping pace with the times contain the development characteristics of "people's rationality" in this new field;building a better life centered on the people is the agreement between "people's rationality" and the future development of China.