A Study Of Japanese Loanwords In Chinese In The Visual Threshold Of Language Contact

As the main part of Chinese vocabulary system,Japanese loanwords have always been an important field of lexicology.However,as far as the academic research results are concerned,the visual field of Japanese loanwords is limited to the description of "what to borrow" and "how to borrow ",and there are several false phenomena in the description of the type of loanwords.In addition,questions such as the scale of adoptability of Japanese loanword in Chinese,the survival rate of Japanese loanwords in Chinese and the influence of Japanese loanwords on Chinese system and so on.In view of this,on the basis of self-built corpus data statistics,this paper introduces the related theory of " Language Contact",and systematically analyzes the real profile of Japanese loanwords in Chinese system.First of all,by using quantitative mathematical method,the loanwords“scale of adoptability" and " survival rate " in Japanese in Chinese are counted respectively,and on this basis,attempt to reveal the dominant mechanism behind it.Secondly,the influence of Japanese loanwords on Chinese“Morphological Construction" and "Semantic Drift" is analyzed under the premise of a full investigation of a large number of real linguistic materials.Finally,from the perspective of dynamic pragmatics,this paper analyzes the impact of Japanese loanwords as heterogeneous factors on the formation of Chinese ecological system.The study is divided into seven chapters.The first chapter mainly introduces the origin of the topic,the definition and research path of language contact,the research status of Japanese loanwords,research theories and methods,corpus processin and some related issues.The second chapter studies the "scale of adoptability" of Japanese loanings in Chinese.We take 300 Japanese loanwords as the research object,and through data statistics,we find that the level of Japanese loanwords in Chinese presents the sequence of regulations.On the part of speech:the scale of adoptability of noun>verb>adjective/adverb>numeral/quantifier/pronoun/conjunction/interjection/modal particle.The level on the type of writing:the scale of adoptability of life style>business style>science and technology style/administrative style>news style/literature style.The level on the part of semanteme:the scale of adoptability of monosemy>polysemant.At the same time,we believe that the formation of scale of adoptability at different levels is not an incidental phenomenon,which is mainly caused by the formalized level of parts of speech,grammatical functions of parts of speech,logical markers and lexical density,semantic information compensation mechanism and practical distance.The third chapter analyzes "the survival rate of Japanese loanwords in Chinese".We take 120 Japanese words as the research object,and introduce the "universal rate" formula to calculate the survival rate of 120 words in the Chinese system.The data shows that the survival rate of Japanese words in Chinese has formed a difference in the diachronic evolution process,only part of the word species can become the common word species in the Chinese system,and the other part of the word species are excluded by the Chinese system as dead words.The formation of this phenomenon involves a number of variable parameters,which can be summarized as follows:intensisty of contact,degree to which features are integrated into linguaistic system,marker components,and lexical carrier.The fourth chapter discusses the replication,analogy and Chinese morphological construction.First of all,while classifying the types of Japanese affixes in Chinese,we introduce theories such as language contact "replication" and " analogy " to deeply analyze the influence of Japanese affixes or morphemes on Chinese morphological construction.We suggest that after Japanese affixes or word-forming morphemes enter Chinese,a "standard model" will be formed,and Chinese will obtain a "language model" by copying the "standard model ".On the basis of the operation of"analogy" mechanism to produce a large number of new structure of vocabulary.Its concrete manifestation is:syllable diversification,Word order translocation,notional words functionalization and the diversity of the combination.Chapter five examines the linguistic contagion and Chinese semantic drift On the premise of sampling and analyzing the corpus in this paper,we believe that Japanese has formed the semantic evolution of Chinese through the lexical channels of "regression loanwords" and "Japanese-derived loanwords".According to the bilingual contagion level,the influence of Japanese loanwords on Chinese semantics can be divided into direct influence and secondary influence.Direct influence is mainly divided into three aspects namely semantic superposition,semantic reduction and semantic restructuring.Secondary influence is mainly divided into semantic inference,semantic integration and semantic generalization.The sixth chapter explores the competition,choice and Chinese ecology.This chapter introduces the biology-related theory of "Competition and selection" to systematically describe the actual operation of Japanese loanwords in the Chinese system.Through a large number of corpus surveys and data statistics,we have confirmed that the biological "competition-selection" mode is also universal in the language system.The research shows that after Japanese loanwords enter the Chinese system,in order to compete for the space of survival and development,the language elements with the same or similar functions as Chinese will form a phenomenon of mutual competition and mutual penetration.It is embodied in three levels:vocabulary competition and choice,grammar competition and choice,and competition and selection.The vocabulary competition choice is expressed as semantic output competition choice and word type competition choice.Semantic output competition according to the relationship between the strength and weakness of the competition layer can be divided into semantic co-occurrence,semantic suppression and semantic coverage.The word output competition according to the competition selection language rheological process can be divided into three aspects:code switching(code switching),referential weakening,word integration.In the modular competition,we choose to Japanese composition structure "most XXX in history" is selected to compare with "the most XXX in history "and" the most XXX in the history of XXX" in Chinese that shown similar functior in case study.Through a large number of data statistics,we find that the "most XXX in history”combination structure compresses the use space of "the most XXX in history”and“the most XXX in the history of XXX" combination structure in Chinese,which is mainly based on the strong combination characteristics of "the most XXX in history" in Chinese text.The seventh chapter is the "epilogue".This paper makes a brief summary of each chapter and points out the shortcomings of the research and the problems that can be studied in the future.