Research On Social Security During The Wei,Jin,Southern And Northern Dynasties

Although the content,structure and level of China's modern social security system are built up in line with the international standards and drawing lessons from the existing systems of western countries,the ideas and measures of social security are not imported.It has a long history in China.Although there is no vocabulary of "social security" in ancient China,the rich thoughts and activities,such as storage for famine,relief for the victims,relief for the orphans and widows,pension for the aged and children,and medical treatment for the sick,which were presided over and organized by the state and participated by social organizations and individuals,all played the role of social security in fact.There is a certain degree of agreement between these activities and modern social security system including social welfare and social preferential treatment.In the period of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,because of its specific social background and turbulent regime change,social unrest,frequent wars,frequent natural disasters and epidemics exist everywhere,the people lived in suffering and there was an urgent need to be rescued.Such a turbulent world makes people doubt whether the social security system exists or not,or whether it can play a geometric role.Is it necessary to study? Based on this,the social security research in the period of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties is relatively weak compared with other dynasties and the degree of attention is not enough.The reasonable and perfect research system has not been formed.However,it can be seen from the historical materials that,in response to the people's demand for assistance,social security in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties not only existed,but also contained a large number of contents,which were scattered in various documents.The imperial edicts mostly involved social security,and the Chronicles also contained some records of assistance,pension,charity,and even specialized social assistance institutions and medical machines Structure.Of course,in such an era,when the government's implementation of social security policies and measures is certainly beyond its grasp,in response to social needs,Buddhism,Taoist religious organizations,folk clan organizations and even individuals widely participate in and carry out charity assistance,which plays a prominent role and becomes a beneficial supplement to the government's security.The turbulent period in Chinese history is also the period of active ideology,the decline of the old system and the creation of the new system.Social security in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited the Qin and Han Dynasties and started the Sui and Tang Dynasties.If there is any development and improvement in the system measures,it is an important change in the history of social security development in China.It is worth comprehensively combing and summarizing,in-depth excavation and research,and the status of social security in China in the history should be clarified.This paper uses the theories and methods of history and social security to study the content of social security in Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.First of all,under the background of the daily and natural disasters,wars and epidemics,from imperial edicts issued by the emperor,policy measures taken by the government,ideas and activities in the dissemination process of Buddhism and Taoism,as well as examples of clan assistance,this paper summarizes and refines the social security thoughts of the social security supply subjects in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.Secondly,based on the specific performance of social security in this period,in line with the classification habits of historical and sociological research,and with reference to the classification standards of modern social security system,social security in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties was divided into five categories,namely,government social assistance,social care,social welfare,religious charity and folk assistance.Social security thought and activities of these five categories constituted the system framework of social security research with multiple subjects in Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.Thirdly,the social security practice made by the government,religion and clan is studied from individual to whole,and the social security activities and effects made by each subject are combed,summarized and discussed,so as to comprehensively reflect the overall appearance of social security in this period from different perspectives.It mainly includes the social assistance system and practice carried out by the government subject,the social preferential treatment system and practice,the social welfare system and practice,the Buddhist and Taoist charity practice carried out by the religious organization subject and the folk assistance carried out by the clan organization as the subject.The system and practice of government social assistance can be divided into disaster assistance,poverty assistance and medical assistance according to their different situations and objects.The paper discusses respectively what routine and emergency assistance methods the government has adopted in each type of assistance and how effective they have achieved.The implementation of all kinds of social assistance measures reflects that the regime of Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties has a set of institutional measures inherited from the past dynasties to cope with the above three situations.Inevitably,some systems are mere formality,but some systems do play a real role in assistance.The system of social preferential treatment reflected the political and material preferential treatment and pension for soldiers and their families in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties from military merit conferment,leave system,pension system.In the period of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,because of the urgent requirement of war resources,more efforts were made in the system of preferential treatment,and the idea and practice of preferential treatment began to become more abundant.During this period,the military service system was very complex,and the system of preferential treatment also showed hierarchical characteristics.For example,the level of pension between soldiers and soldiers was different,and the treatment of soldiers in the service nature of the Han people in the Northern Dynasty could not be compared with that of the soldiers of Xianbei nationality.The social welfare system includes the basic security welfare of the elderly,women and children,disabled people and the identity welfare of the ruling class.Some social welfare has been institutionalized,especially in the aspects of pension and identity welfare,while others are more random.Religious charity,that is,Buddhism and Taoism charity at that time,was the most characteristic charity activity in this period.After Buddhism came into China,it quickly adapted to China's national conditions and followed the local customs.It Combined with metaphysics and Confucianism in ideology and it can be widely spread in all walks of life,propagandizing its compassionate spirit,retribution thought,Futian charity thought,persuading people to stop evil from good,persuading good to change customs,and adding new content and vitality to the charity thought and practice of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties through charity practice such as poverty relief,medical treatment and medicine.The local religion and Taoism's philanthropic thoughts,such as persuading the good to get rid of the evil and rescuing the poor,have also become one of the sources of China's philanthropic thoughts.In the process of development and expansion,they have shown their functions through relief actions,such as medical treatment and so on.The development of believers,the relief of society,and the social effect is obvious.Folk assistance based on family and clan has a long history and it is the basic level and an important part of social assistance.During the period of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,the background of long-term separatist wars and great migration of the people highlighted the importance of clans.Consanguinity became the most ideal link of social organizations at that time.Charity activities such as relief,pension and funeral aid among members of clans played a greater role in keeping the family close and maintaining the stability of social life at the grass-roots level.On the basis of classification and discussion of various social security activities,this paper summarizes the social security research in this period from the aspect of the social security system in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.This paper explains the formation and development of the multi-agent social security system in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties and analyzes the status,role,relationship and conflict of three different subjects in the social security system.Due to the lack of official social security in some countries in the troubled society,the objective demand for the folk relief was put forward and the folk relief activities such as clan mutual aid,religious charity came into being.This is the social reason for the development of the pluralistic system of social security in this period and it is also an important feature of social security in this period.Compared with the single government security from the pre-Qin period to the Qin and Han Dynasties,the multi-agent social security model in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties is in line with the trend of social development.It has historical progress.The effect of Social security in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties is not inferior to other Dynasties.The influences of social security in such turbulent times should be treated dialectically.The social security system with the participation of multiple subjects is in the initial development period,which is obviously lack of systematization and integrity.The level of security is also low.However,in the social environment at that time,the social security system was used properly,which plays a role in pacifying the people,easing social contradictions and stabilizing social order.The regime that does not pay attention to social security is militaristic.It neglects the people's livelihood and lacks social security,which is also clearly reflected in the people's hearts.Social security is related to the social order the national destiny.There are relationship between social security and the regime.Of course,the role of social security in the period of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties cannot be overstated.The implementation and effectiveness of social security system are closely related to many factors such as politics,economy,ideology,culture,etc.The situation of social disorder,national strength,emperors,officials,economic strength and so on all affect the function of social security,so we should evaluate it objectively and fairly.