The Encounter And Generation Of The Subject

Since the late 1970 s,there has been an intersubjective turn in the field of psychoanalysis,that is,from the one-person psychology paradigm to the two-person psychology paradigm.Intersubjective approach is developing in full swing now,becoming the most important part of contemporary psychoanalysis.This paper starts from intersubjective perspective,proposing a three-hierarchy model of mind(intrapersonal dimension)and a multiple communication model of two-person interaction(interpersonal dimension)based on phenomenology,classical pragmatism,dynamic systems theory and other resources,in order to integrate and reconstruct psychoanalytic theory.In the intrapersonal dimension,the direct interaction between human and the world lays the foundation for the “bystander model” which depends on representation.From a phylogenetic perspective,this is more obvious: the body(direct interaction without representation)provides the basis for the unconscious mind(with representation but no awareness)and conscious activities(with representation and awareness).Due to the emergence of representation,organisms have a relatively independent internal world in which they can simulate interaction and play a role of‘alternative action'.Moreover,this ‘private space' transcends reality to a certain degree,providing favorable conditions for creativity and fantasy.On this basis,the individual mind can be divided into three hierarchies: body,unconsciousness and consciousness.The body,as the bottom layer,serves as the “intermediary” connecting the internal and external world on the one hand,and represents a kind of perception-movement ability(i.e.,body schema),realizing the direct interaction with the world on the other hand.The unconscious,as the middle layer,contains the subsymbolic and the symbolic representation.In the field of psychoanalysis,the former is mainly involved with the interactive mode or strategy between an individual and others,while the latter is mainly related to self representation and internal others(or object representation).Consciousness,which lays at the highest level,is highly related to language.It can regulate the body and the unconscious from a top-down process through awareness and reflection.In the interpersonal dimension,interpersonal communication can be divided into six basic types based on three-hierarchy model of mind: body-to-body,body-to-unconsciousness,body-to-consciousness,unconsciousness-to-unconsciousness,unconsciousness-to-consciousness,and consciousness-to-consciousness.In interpersonal interaction,“I-It” relationship and “I-Thou”relationship that Buber distinguishes can be regarded as two basic interaction patterns,which can be commonly found in parent-child relationship,peer relationship and intimate relationship.“I-It”relationship can be manipulated through language,emotion and body action;the realization of“I-Thou” relationship means being fully engaged in the dialogue,and its typical manifestation is emotional attunement.After paying equal attention to intrapersonal and interpersonal dimension,this paper makes a new understanding of individual development and therapeutic strategy.In the process of development,individuals are shaped in the dialectical tension of relatedness and individualization.From the perspective of relatedness,secure attachment interaction in parent-child relationship is a typical example of “I-Thou” relationship mode.When the individual's security need cannot be met,they may use the strategies of entreaty,compliance(or submission),avoidance and control,in which “I-It” relationship appears repeatedly.In the acquisition of narcissistic need,the ideal situation is to maintain a dynamic balance between fantasy and reality.If narcissistic need cannot be met,they will tend to set a overly ambitious goal,and control or manipulate others to obtain the sense of value in interpersonal interaction.In peer relationship,through the experience of similarity(and accompanying differences),individuals and others can share the experience of the internal world more smoothly,promote mutual understanding,deepen friendship,overcome loneliness,and integrate into larger groups or collectives to promote self development.In intimate relationship,harmonious sexual behavior can help partners to maintain their bond,and discordant sexual behavior may become the battlefield of “power struggle”,in which “I-It” relationship mode is dominant.From the perspective of individuation,under the ideal situation,the boundary between individuals and others maintains a dynamic balance,gets along well,and shows a kind of ability of solitude.In the case of non ideal,there will be problems in the boundary between the two sides: either the boundary will be cleared up and blurred,and the individual will become a dependency of others or others will become an appendage of mine;or the connection will be cut off,resulting in loneliness or ‘false independence'.These different types of interactions‘accumulate' in the individual's internal world,forming ‘multiple internal loops' or ‘multiple internal working models',so that the mind is constantly enriched and diversified.From the integrative perspective of this paper,psychoanalytic therapy occurs in an intersubjective system composed of the analyst and client.At the prereflective interaction level,the analyst needs to set an example for the client's changes by ‘setting an example',such as providing support for clients who usually use avoidance strategy and compliance strategy,and defining boundaries for clients who often use entreaty strategy and control strategy.At the reflective awareness level,the analyst can help the client ‘step back' or ‘pushing the pause button'from current interaction to see other possibilities of interaction.This can be achieved by simply‘retelling' the client's narrative,explaining the client's interactive strategies,explaining other materials(such as emotional state),and playing back and analyzing after a video recording.Inaddition,the advancement of psychotherapy not only occurs in relatively quiet moments,but also plays a key role in some special moments,such as the moments of meeting,heightened affective moments and repair moments after the counseling relationship's disruption.In the future,psychoanalytic research should pay close attention to the clinical experience and continue to strengthen the dialogue with other disciplines.