A Research On The Post-war German Political Education From The Perspective Of Cultural Pedagogy (1945-1968)

What are the main factors that affect the political education activities of a country? What is the specific process of influence? This is one of the core issues of the country's study of political education.Research shows that the main influencing factors of a country's political education activities are its basic educational ideas and the basic educational schools that produce such ideas,which are embodied in specific political education activities in specific time interval.This article is trying to clarify the profound influence of the most important educational school in Germany in twentieth Century,namely,cultural pedagogy on post-war German Political Education(1945-1968),so as to get a regular understanding.Since World War II,Cultural pedagogy has long been a dominant position in the German educational world,and has also had a wide impact in the world.Cultural pedagogy pays close attention to political education,forming a rich ideological and political education,and actively respond to the major issues facing the German political education activities in the postwar period.It had a significant impacton the practice of political education in Germany during the transition period.This study attempts to conduct a systematic study and Analysis on the German culture and political education,on this basis,try to construct the cultural & political education theory system of Cultural pedagogy,and to form the analysis perspective of Cultural pedagogy and political education.Through the perspective of Germany during the transitional period after the war(1945-1968)the evolution process of political education development(including major events,change of theory,practice etc.)is analyzed comprehensively,so as to obtain the regularity of political education developmentin Germany.To achieve the above research purposes and research significance,this article is divided into six chapters besides preface(chapter one)and epilogue(chapter eight).The main contents are as follows:The chapter two deals with the history of modern Germany,from 1807 to 1945,is the historical background of the emergence of Cultural pedagogy and the early development of German political education.Examining the politics and culture of the German Empire,it clearly felt that it had two sides.One side is Juncker's autocratic political system and conservative culture,while the other side refers to the western liberal democratic system and the free culture.These two aspects play a common role and form a unique "German road".In particular,the dual nature of culture will exist for a long time,in different periods and in different ways.In the period of Weimar repubulic,the dual nature of culture reflected that the western liberal culture prevailed for a while,while the traditional conservative culture was still very powerful.There has been a stalemate between the two sorts of culture.The result of the stalemate is the reconciliation of the two cultures,in particular,the traditional transformation of the liberal culture and the formation of a mixed culture.Cultural pedagogy was born in the period of the Republic of Weimar,and had a direct relationship with the compatible development of the two aspects of German culture in the field of education.It shows that the traditional German culture and the sense of freedom and democracy are not antagonistic either.They can be combined in some way.Cultural pedagogy,in a sense,is the product of this combination.At the same time,we can also see the connection between postwar political education and cultural pedagogy.In the postwar period,as in Weimar,a trend that the capitalist lifestyle and liberal culture would become the mainstream culture of German society,could not be stopped.On the other hand,the influence of traditional culture can not be eliminated.The culture of the future will be a dual culture and a harmonious culture.Cultural pedagogy can be said to be a kind of education to achieve cultural harmony.Therefore,the post-war political education activities are bound to be deeply influenced by Cultural pedagogy.From the chapter three,Cultural pedagogy reveals the close relationship between culture and political education,and enables people to solve the problem of political education in a cultural way.At the same time,it has strong meaning of political education,including rich political education thought.This chapter will put forward the concept of cultural & political education,try to construct the cultural & political education theory,the Cultural pedagogy system of Ideological and political education,rigorous,can provide a new perspective for the study of political education in post-war Germany,opened up a new research direction.Cultural pedagogy has been re-recognized and re-constructed in terms of the objectives,contents,process and methods of political education,thus forming a relatively unique political educational theoretical system.Culture and political education believes that people are the most important factors of political development,enhance the quality of people is the most important goal of political education and human development is a comprehensive and harmonious development,political attitude and political cognition has the same significance;in the education content,the humanities is that political education the higher the value,at the same time,through the penetration of various disciplines to carry out political education;in the process of education,thinks that the process of political education is self-education process oriented objective culture,a political culture and cultivate a process of education and between the "fusion of Horizons" in the education process;methods,experience and methods emphasize "encounter",as well as the method of communication and dialogue.Through the analysis of the causes of the failure of re-education activities in the early postwar period and the reflection of the Nazi political education,the chapter four discusses the responses of the political and Cultural pedagogy to the contradictions and problems in the postwar political education.The main problem of re-education activities for further education tries to govern the life of people through the administrative authority,is the starting point and draw further apart education;education instilled in the democracy with abstract and unreal color;re-education target is ambitious,but specific and Its loopholes appeared one after another.The problems in the process of "Educational Reconstruction" are mainly to criticize the political education of the Nazis.To Build the western-style democracy political education,with which match the bourgeois parliamentary democracy,the cultural & political education theory achieved through the method of culture of the post-war political education task requirements.With Positive and effective response and the idea of practice,It had become dominant political education thoughts after the war.Chapter five discusses the practice of the cultural & political education theory.In post-war Germany,the political education has three major tasks which is to eliminate the influence of Nazi,to form the ideas of democracy of tolerance and compromise,and to prevent establishment of socialist ideas.Cultural politics education relies on "culture",and derives various practice ways and means to guarantee the completion of the political education task after the war.Specifically,through to the humanities education,edification,in literary works with cultural facilities,enhance the guidance ability of independent judgment,to eliminate the influence of Nazi ideas;through the integration of politics and life of citizens to compromise spirit education,use of religious culture to promote the political tolerance and the spirit of compromise,emphasizing citizen's responsibility to cultivate the consciousness of tolerance and compromise the spirit of democracy;finally,based on the academic research and the form of literary works to demonize socialism,rely on the basic economic system of capitalism experience to weaken socialist ideological,rely on decision system to carry out a dialogue between the class in order to achieve the fundamental goal of class struggle,and thus prevent the influence of socialism.Chapter six analyzes the challenges for the cultural & political education theory in the postwar period and analyzes the reasons for the decline of the school of thought.In the early postwar period,cultural & political education played an important role.It has established a perfect theoretical system and has made a positive response to the question of political education,which has made great achievements in the practice of political education.However,the theory of cultural & political education is not unassailable,and it also has some problems in many aspects.With the development of economy and society,the problems are gradually exposed.And in the process of practice encountered a major crisis.With the controversy of cooperative education to culture education formed a warning,and the rise of 60 s student movement of Cultural pedagogy has a great impact;the final critical rise of education,in response to the new problems of political education,gradually replaced the culture and education status.Cultural pedagogy has finally become one of the most important theories of pluralism.This is always the final result of the political education theory.As far as its political attribute is concerned,cultural political education is conservative political education.It follows the principles of free market,advocating authoritative principle and respecting traditional principles.The conservative political education has its unique value and corresponding limitation.The political education goal is long-term and fundamental value orientation,but for the a certain distance with the political reality,the goals set is empty and not practical;the distance between its contents and people's life is very close,but the old traditional culture basically is preserved,there are conservative and the process of political stagnation side;The essence of political education and educational methods,expressed by this theory,such as the process of political education is self-education process oriented objective culture,A process of cultivating accomplishment by politics,the process of "fusion of Horizons" between educators and the educated,the emphasis on experience and the "encounter" approach,as well as communication and dialogue methods,and so on,has the positive significance of universal education.