Research On The Structure And Evolutionary Thoughts Of Marx's Social Formation

Social formation is a large unit commonly used by Marx to characterize the development stage of human society when he studied the historical origin of capitalist society.Later,after being popularized,this concept was applied to the study of world history and the specific development paths of eastern and Western countries,and became one of the most important concepts of historical materialism.Marx founded a series of theories on social formation,starting from the logical point of "realistic man",taking "human society" or "socialized human" as the standpoint,taking the structure of social form and the theory of evolution as the main body,in order to realize the Communist society as the pursuit of a "whole of art".It not only scientifically reveals the general law of the development of human society and becomes the theoretical basis of scientific socialism,but also can be applied to the specific historical development of eastern and Western countries,pointing out the correct direction of social development.The generalization of the concept of "social formation" is a process of "turning a cocoon into a butterfly".There is a long stage from germination to maturity.Marx and Engels' early works dealt sporadically and obscurely with the idea of stages of history,which could be regarded as the embryonic stage of the generalization of social formation;their co-authored German Ideology marked the establishment of historical materialism,and in this work,marked the human calendar with the development of division of labor.In the Preface to Critique of Political Economy,Marx's more standardized language expounded the relevant principles of historical materialism and formally put forward the thought of the evolution of the four social forms from which capitalism originated.In his anthropological notes later and his old age,Marx extended the concept of "social formation" to the study of ancient Eastern societies,making it a yardstick for the study of human history,effectively expanding the depth and breadth of the theory,marking the maturity of the concept of social formation.In order to better understand the meaning of the concept of "social formation",we need to make a comparative study with the concepts of "social organism" and "social structure".Comrade Xi Jinping's idea of building a "community of human destiny" in recent years has also provided an experimental field for the development of social morphology theory.After defining the connotation of the concept,it is necessary for us to conduct a "horizontal analysis" of the "social formation",that is,to analyze the concrete structure of the social formation.We take Marx's classical expression in the Preface to Critique of Political Economy as the guiding ideology,and divide the macroscopic social structure into three macroscopic modules: social economic structure,political structure and ideological structure.Based on Marx's study of the origin of capitalism in Western Europe and his conception of the future communist society,the author discusses the typical forms and historical changes of social economic structure,political structure and ideological structure.From these discussions,we summarize the evolution rules of the three macro modules.At the same time,the organic,integral and derivative of the three macro-modules interact with each other are discussed effectively,and the interactive characteristics of the social structures are further clarified.After the completion of the "horizontal analysis",we continue to conduct a "vertical analysis" of the social formation,that is,to study the evolution mechanism of the social formation.Because the internal structure of social formation is pluralistic,it is impossible to divide the evolution of social formation into only one standard.In the process of the evolution of social formation,there are different contents from different sides and different perspectives.From the division of the evolution of social formation by Marx and Engels,a pluralistic entity has been formed with the division of social formation by production relations as the main line and the division of social formation by other perspectives or standards as the supplement.Their common purpose is to reveal the objective law of development of human history,and to provide a powerful theoretical argument for the realization of Communist society from different angles.In the division system of the evolution of social formation,the debate about the relationship and status between the "five-form theory" and "threeform theory" is the most intense.From 2005 to 2006,Professor Duan Zhongqiao of Renmin University of China,Professor Zhao Jiaxiang of Peking University and Professor Xi Zhaoyong of Nanjing University launched a brilliant and far-reaching academic debate on the related difficult problems of Marx's "five-form theory" and "three-form theory".This article gives a brief overview of the debates of three senior scholars and puts forward their own views on related issues.After resolving the problem of division,this paper continues to explore the dynamic system of the evolution of social formation from the micro and macro levels,and tries to analyze the relationship between the micro and macro systems.The evolution of social formation is compared by Marx as a process similar to natural history.After putting forward the general law of development of human history,he studied the evolution of different social forms in the eastern society in his later years.The Italian scholar Umberto Melotti defended Marx's basic viewpoints,grasped the basic spirit of Marxism,and effectively expanded Marx's theory of social formation.At the same time,this paper also refutes Fukuyama's "end of history" and Popper's "poverty theory of historicism",and strives to "defend" Marx's theory of social formation more effectively."What kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics should we adhere to and develop in the new era and how to adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics" is a major theoretical problem facing the new era of socialist development in China.The exploration of this theoretical problem must be guided by Marx's theory of social formation.We must profoundly analyze the social structure of contemporary China,recognize the historical position of China,and correctly understand the laws of socialist construction and development.Generally speaking,socialism with Chinese characteristics is a kind of social pattern which is constantly generated with the development of the times,and it is a constantly improving system in the exchange with the capitalist world.Over the past more than forty years of Reform and Opening up,China has reached significant achievements,which fully demonstrates the correctness of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics and the superiority of the socialist system.China's sons and daughters continue to prove by practical actions that world history will not end in capitalist liberal democracy.Our mission is to deepen social reform,create a better way of development and social system than capitalism,and make socialism with Chinese characteristics a model of Marxist nationalization.China will eventually move towards a communist world by building a "community of human destiny" with all the nations of the world.