To Strengthen The King's Power Through The Political Adjustment:Research On The Political Thought Of Han Shi Wai Zhuan

Han Shi Wai Zhuan,a book written by the New Text scholar Han Ying in the early Han Dynasty,which belongs roughly to the category of the New Text.The quotation of the Book of Songs in Han Shi Wai Zhuan,mostly belongs to the use of "Poetry Teaching" at the symbolic level,which is not closely related to the original meaning of the Songs.Therefore,the theme of Han Shi Wai Zhuan is Han Ying's opinion about political problems in early Han Dynasty In this way,Han Shi Wai Zhuan provides a solid foundation for us to observe the logical deductive logic of political thought in the early Han DynastyThe background in the political institution and academic thought of Han Ying and Han Shi Wai Zhuan is,the inheritance of the political system and the debate between the Confucianism and the Legalism.The institutional inheritance of the Han Dynasty from the Qin Dynasty,had laid the institutional scale of the traditional Chinese political structure.During the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty,there were three debate between the feudal system of fiefdom(???)and the bureaucratic prefectural system(???),but they were all completed by the final establishment of the bureaucratic prefectural system.The establishment of the bureaucratic prefectural system,is a sign of the shaping of the relationship between the central government and the local government.In addition,the implementation of the Capital in Guan Zhong and Shu Sun tong's Qin Ceremony,basically completed the inheritance of the Han system from the Qin system.However,the personal experience of Qin's strict legal system and Qin's perish in a very short period,forceing Confucian scholars in the early Han Dynasty to learn the lessons from Qin Dynasty,in order to maintain the long-term stability of Han Dynasty,which is the common problem consciousness of Confucian scholars in the early Han Dynasty.Therefore,the seek of stability and unity and reform,had become the basic characteristics of political thought in the early Han Dynasty.From the perspective of political legitimacy and political integration,the fact of Qin Dynasty's perish,had reflected the weakness of the legalist's' thoughts of the three Jin and Qin area in integrating political culture and shaping the mainstream political value.In this political situation,it is natural to turn to the help of Confucian scholars and Confucian political thought.Confucian political thought has played a limited role in the conquest of the world,but in the governance of the country after the completion of the established political order,it shows the characteristics of the moderation and contingency change in the monarch system.During the period in Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty,the debate between Confucian scholars and Taoist Huang Sheng had showed that Confucian political thought attaches great importance to contingency regulation.The final result of the debate between Confucianism and Legalism is the formation of Han's system in which the Legalists take the country and the Confucianists keep the kingdom.Therefore,with the time of changing dynasties as the boundary,it's a common strategy to use the legalist's technique of heavy penalty before the system was built,and use the Confucianist's conservative ways of benevolence and Ritual system after the system was built.This strategy has the paradigm significance in establishing "law" for the dynasties after the Han Dynasty.Therefore,the complementarity of Confucianism and Legalism had replaced of Legalism,is the first "change" in the early Han Dynasty.From the perspective of political science,this is the strategic thinking and strategic policy shift at the national level.Continuing the national strategy of complementarity between Confucianism and Legalism,the second "change" in the early Han Dynasties is,to combine the Ritual system with the law in the governance of the society.This is a profound shift from the national level to the social level of complementarity between Ritual system and law,which is the second"change"during the period in early Han dynasty.Through this transformation strategy,the political power ruling foundation can be pushed down and extended to the social level.The rich connotations of etiquette basically cover all levels of the state,society and people's hearts,which changed the single stereotypical image of Qin's law.The advancement of this process was finally transformed by the gentleman's personality.It is necessary to establish a clear relationship between the central government and the local government by means of Ritual system to show superiority and inferiority,and to prevent local forces from threatening the central government.With the ceremony custom,the concept of superiority and inferiority is permeated into the social level to complete the process of political socialization.At the same time,the internal norms of etiquette are established at the psychological level,which follows the internal dimension of Confucius' ritual internalization into benevolence.In a word,ritualism is the main means of traditional Chinese social governance.Together with the "legal system”at the national level,it shapes the basic framework of traditional national governance and constructs the basic pattern of "state-society".If the rule by etiquette and law cares about the national level,then transferring filial piety to loyalty is a positive turn to the social level of the rule by rites.The shift from filial piety to loyalty partly reflects the continued penetration of the etiquette hierarchy into family ethics.Contrary to the neglect of family ethics by the legalists,Confucianism always attaches importance to family ethics and bases its loyalty on filial piety.Political power goes deeply into the "home" and transforms family ethics into political ethics,which strengthens the control of social organizations.At the same time,by transferring filial piety to loyalty,it can prevent the clan tendency of the family.In short,the field of political struggle has shifted from the level of the upper state level to the family level.The immediate interest requires is resolved into a filial piety of affection,and the way of dealing with interests changes from the contention of interest to the ritual of emotional maintenance,which isolates the suspicion brought by the communication difficulty between the state and society.The distribution of interests based on political competition has been transformed into family ethics.From the perspective of combining etiquette with law,the transfer of filial piety to loyalty can also be seen as the transformation and modification from the rule by law to the rule by rite,which is the political absorption from the national level to the social level.In addition to the paradox of the rule by law or by etiquette at the national level,and the paradox of the loyalty and filial piety in the family field,there are so-called struggles between morality and power in the school field.However,gentlemen and scholars who are between morality and monarchy fail to complete the discipline and restriction of political power by political thought in the field of political practice.The political personality of the gentleman and the academic pursuit of morality have finally made the gentleman a social force that maintains the monarchy.Not punishing shi is the basis of the monarch-minister co-governance,which makes it possible to integrate the monarch with the minister.The monarchy expands the foundation of governance,and the subordinates become the middle layer that eases the contradiction between the monarch and the people.Between the state politics and the people's livelihood,the ministers should not only bear the power suppression from the former,but also fulfill the value of life at the social level.Located between the state and the society,between power and morality,they are quite embarrassing.However,in this dynamic sawing process,the top-down political pressure was resolved to prevent the radical changes brought about by the strict rule of the Qin Dynasty.lt is worth noting that co-governance between monarch and minister is a logical deduction of the governance structure of co-governance between etiquette and law and the political ethics of filial piety.The monarch,minister and people need to move and transfer within the framework of the existed basic political system in order to find a suitable political role for themselves.Following the logic of king's possession of the political resources,the political governance means of co-rule of etiquette and law,political governance means of political ethical norms of filial piety and loyalty,and the political role of the monarch and minister as a whole,it will naturally to force the political thinking of the unity of heaven and man in the field of academic thought.On the level of political legitimacy,the logic of harmony relationship between heaven and humanity demonstrates that in the traditional political structure of the king's possession of the political resources,ruling by ritual and law,ruling by loyalty and filial piety,and the integration of monarch and minister,had formed a closed circle with each other to support each other,thus making the political system more stable.So far,a political system around the kingship politics had been formed.This system had five dimensions:core value,normative system,social ethics,political role and thinking mode,those had constructed an organic picture of the traditional political structure.In the end,through Dong Zhong shu's theoretical representation of the "Unification of Spring and Autumn",the academic turn from the "sub-school era" to the "scholar of the classics" was completed.The academic era in the early Han Dynasty ended at this point,and the era of contention among the various schools of thought in the pre-Qin period also ended here.Through the elaboration of the four aspects:the political governance means of co-rule of etiquette and law,political governance means of political ethical norms of filial piety and loyalty,the political role of the monarch and minister as a whole,and the political thinking of the unity of heaven and man,the intensified regulation of the Qin Dynasty had completed in the Han Dynasty,and the political pattern of complementarity of Confucianism and Law had shaped.With the power of "the yin and yang combination structure",the monarchical power makes it more powerful and suitable.The goal of strengthening the kingship through the political adjustment had achieved.