Study Of Kurdish Political Parties In The Modern Middle East: Origin, Evoluation And Reality

The nation is one of the most stable groups of people in modern human society,and national politics has an important influence on the contemporary world.Since ancient times,the Middle East region has formed a number of large and small national community,of which the more special is the absence of the motherland of the Kurdish nation,the Kurdish nation search for the equality of their national rights and Kurdish autonomy and other political demands constitute an important connotation of the Kurdish Problem in the Middle East.Since the late Ottoman Empire,the modern Kurdish nationalist thoughts and movement were born in the imperial center city and the Kurdish tribal society,and since then the emergence of the Kurdish national movement and the political development process of The Kurdish political parties have had a multidimensional impact on the contemporary Middle East international politics and related national political stability.Therefore,the study of the political development process of the modern Middle East Kurdish political parties has important academic value and practical significance,and its investigation and study is based on historical issues,and it is necessary to pay attention to the political development of modern Kurdish political parties.In this thesis,the Middle East Kurdish Political Party as the main research object,taking the origin and development of the modern Middle East Kurdish National Movement as the research starting point,this thesis describes the historical changes of the development of the Kurdish National Movement in the four Middle East countries and the political politics of the Kurdish political parties in the Middle East,and analyzes its internal development dynamics and foreign relations.Analysis of the internal political links and interactions between Kurdish political parties in the Middle East countries.In terms of research methods,while studying methods based on history,this thesis carefully draws on the relevant theories and concepts of political science,national politics and international political science,and creates a more objective and neutral theoretical basis and research perspective for the discussion and elaboration of this thesis.This thesis consists of eight parts,the introduction and conclusion mainly discuss the origin of research and research points of view.The text is composed of six chapters,which mainly deals with the three main issues of the political development of the kurdish political parties in the modern Middle East: the early Kurdish nationalism and the emergence of the Kurdish national movement,the creation and political development of modern Kurdish political parties,the political transformation of contemporary Kurdish political parties and their political ideas.The first chapter mainly discusses the late Ottoman Empire and its dissolution before and after the modern Kurdish nationalist thoughts and movements in the empire's infancy and emergence.This chapter considers that the Kurdish nationalist intellectuals,tribal aristocratic families and Kurdish political activists in the central city of the Ottoman Empire are the founders and communicators of the first generation of modern Kurdish nationalist thought and movement,laying the historical foundation for modern Kurdish nationalism.The second chapter discusses in stages the Kurdish national movement in the early days of the founding of Turkey and the revival process of the Kurdish National Movement in the politics of the Republic,focusing on the establishment of the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan(PKK),ideology and its guerrilla war,as well as the multiple strategies adopted by the Turkish government in response to the Problem of the PKK.This chapter holds that the "one-nation adn one-state" state-building model and its Turkishization policy formulated by the Kemal government after the founding of Turkey are the root causes of the Kurdish National Movement's struggle and revival process,and that the establishment of the PKK and its radical policies and means of behavior are a fierce resistance to the Turkish government's policy of nationalassimilation.The third chapter mainly discusses the political transformation of the PKK and the main influencing factors of the emergence,development and failure of the Kurdish peace process.According to this chapter,Ocalan's arrest heralded the failure of the PKK's guerrilla war and military policy,and the PKK entered a political transition period and formed a flat and umbrella-like Unions of Communities in Kurdistan,which achieved the overall transformation of the political system,organizational structure and ideology of the PKK.Meanwhile,Turkey's Erdogan government,which recognized some Kurdish national rights at the political and legal levels after taking office,opened the door to the Turkish Kurdish peace process after2009.However,the Kurdish Peace Initiative has not resulted in substantive political consensus,and key political differences between the two sides and changes in the regional situation following the outbreak of the Syrian crisis have temporarily stalled the Kurdish peace process.The fourth chapter mainly discusses the origin of the modern Iraqi Kurdish national movement and the early stage of the political development process of Iraqi Kurdish political parties.This chapter argues that in the 1940 s,when the Iraqi Kurdish National Movement entered a period of politicalization,the tribalauthority of the Barzani family combined with the political integration of the modern Kurdish intellectual community to create the Iraqi Party of Kurdish Democratic Party(KDP).During the period of the 1950 s and 1980 s,there were two main contradictions between the Iraqi Kurdish National Movement,one of which was the failure of the process of national reconciliation between the Kurdish political parties and the Government of Iraq and its military conflict,and the national political division and mutual internal consumption between the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK),These factors have led to a low tide of the Iraqi Kurdish National Movement.The fifth chapter mainly discusses the autonomy and political system construction of the Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991,as well as the main problems facing the political development of the current Iraqi Kurdistan.This chapter holds that the 1991 Gulf War created historic conditions for the autonomy of the Iraqi Kurdistan,and the construction of the new Iraqi federal system after the 2003 War in Iraq provided the basic conditions and comprehensive support for the legalization and integration of the political system in the Iraqi Kurdistan.The sixth chapter mainly discusses the historical changes and current situation of the political development of the Syrian and Iranian Kurdish national movements and political parties,which focuses on the study and interpretation of the formation of the political pattern of contemporary Syrian Kurdish political parties,as well as the current issues related to the autonomy of Western Kurdistan.The chapter considers that the full outbreak and development process of the Syrian crisis is the main factor in the political rise of the Partiya Yek?tiya Demokrat(PYD),and that the democratic confederalism ideology and the political guidance of the Unions of Communities in Kurdistan are the main political ideas of the PYD and the political and ideological basis for the implementation of their autonomous party in Rojava,There is a lot of uncertainty about the political future of the Northern Syrian Federation.The Iranian kurdish national movement was once the center of the kurdish national movement in the Middle East in the 1940 s,and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979,traditional Iranian Kurdish political parties went down and divided,and the political influence of the emerging parties was limited.In conclusion,this thesis focuses on the political development process of Kurdish political parties in the Middle East,and discusses a series of major issues concerning the current Kurdish national movement and the political development process of Kurdish political parties with the vertical historical evolution and horizontal case studies.