| The process of globalization has allowed the international division of labor to be extended from the product level to the process level,and the production process of the product is dispersed to different countries and regions.Nowadays,about two-thirds of world trade are intermediate trade(Johnson and Noguera,2012).By linking production processes in different countries,the intermediate trade presents two major measurement challenges.Firstly,traditional methods of trade statistics simply add up the volume of trade between countries and do not calculate the net added value.This well-known double computing problem has been criticized by many scholars in recent years,because it overestimates the domestic value added of exports.Secondly,the multinational production network means that intermediates can be transported indirectly to the final destination.For example,the final products which exported by China to the United States may contain intermediates from Japan,so China's total exports will include added value from Japan.For that reason,how to measure the added value of trade accurately has become a major research hotspot.Hummels,Ishii and Yi(2001)is the earliest and most influential paper which estimates the export value-added systematically.They calculated the level of vertical specialization(to be specific,foreign value-added)using input-output tables from 10 OECD countries and 4 emerging countries.They found that 21%of their exports were imported from abroad and grew at about 30%between 1970 and 1990.Koopman,Wang and Wei(2012)embedded the characteristics of Chinese processing trade into the estimation framework of Hummels,Ishii and Yi(2001)and proposed a method to measure the export value added when considering processing trade.Johnson and Noguera(2012)proposed a method to estimate the value-added trade content in bilateral trade and using the ratio of value-added exports to total exports as an indicator of intensity of production sharing.Koopman,Wang and Wei(2014)unified all the past approaches about measuring verticalization and value-added trade into a framework,in order to break down a country's total exports into different value-added segments and double-counting segments,including the foreign absorption Value,the domestic value-added,foreign value-added and purely double counting parts.Wang,Wei and Zhu(2013)argued that the framework of Koopman,Wang and Wei(2014)is only suitable for one country,so they extended the framework to bilateral countries and sectoral levels and established a systematic framework of accounting for official trade(calculated in total value)and the national accounts(calculated in value added).However,these methods all estimate export value added at the national,multinational or industrial level.In recent years,some scholars have proposed the export value added framework which can estimate the heterogeneous enterprise level.Ma,Wang and Zhu(2015)extended the framework in Koopman,Wang and Wei(2012)to the firm level and propose a framework for measuring domestic value-added of firms' exports when considering types of firm ownership and processing trade.Upward,Wang and Zheng(2013)extended Hummels,Ishii and Yi(2001)'s framework to the firm level and established a framework for estimating domestic value-added exports as well as skill-intensive exports.Based on Upward,Wang and Zheng(2013),Zhang Jie,Chen Zhiyuan and Liu Yuanchun(2013)put forward a method to estimate the domestic added value of firm' exports when considering the import of trade intermediaries,indirect imports of intermediate goods and capital goods imports.A new method was proposed by Kee and Tang(2016)to measure the domestic added value of heterogeneous firms' exports.They found that the substitution of domestic inputs for imports of intermediate inputs increased domestic value-added of China's exports from 65%to 70%from 2000 to 2007.After reviewing the literature,it is easily to find that there are several deficiencies in today's research.Firstly,despite the proliferation of literature on global value chains,there is almost no literature gives a uniform overview of existing research.Therefore,this dissertation elaborates the literature on global value chain,so as to give the follow-up researchers a clear understanding.This is particularly important for global value chain research.This is because the methods and terminology in the literature are so complex that it is difficult for scholars who do not understand them to understand.Secondly,the literature is calculated to measure the export value added at the national and industrial level,there is little literature to measure the export value added in the heterogeneous firm level.Based on the heterogeneous enterprise theory,when considering the enterprise heterogeneity,it might make a difference in the macro level.Therefore,this dissertation uses the Chinese Customs Data and the Chinese Industrial Business Performance Data to calculate the export domestic value added of the heterogeneous firms.Thirdly,based on the method in Kee and Tang(2016),this dissertation measures the domestic value-added in the firm level and describes the relevant characteristic facts in the firm level and industry level.Fourth,the current literature focuses only on how to measure the domestic value-added of firms,and there is little literature system to study the factors influencing it.Therefore,this dissertation starts from the impact of trade liberalization to analyze the reasons for the change of domestic value-added in firms.Specifically,this dissertation tries to empirically test these questions:Does the final product trade liberalization enhance the domestic value-added of firms?Does the trade liberalization of intermediates reduce the domestic value-added of firms?Does the uncertainty of trade policy reduce the domestic value-added of firms?This dissertation is mainly composed of one introduction and seven chapters:The introduction describes the background and research significance of this dissertation,and then introduced the research ideas,research methods,structure arrangement and the innovation of this dissertation,the final part is the emphases,difficulties and the technology roadmap.The first chapter reviews the theories and empirical literatures about GVCS at home and abroad.The first section introduces the theoretical and empirical research literature on the degree of participation in global value chain from the national level,industry level,provincial level and heterogeneous firm level.The second section describes the theoretical and empirical literatures about the influencing factors of global value chain,including trade cost,national characteristics and investment,etc.The third section reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on the economic effects of GVCS,including employment,wages,technology and exchange rates.The second chapter establishes the theoretical model about the influence of trade liberalization on the domestic value-added of firms,including the final trade liberalization,trade liberalization of intermediates and the uncertainty of trade policy.In the first section,the intermediates are embedded into the heterogeneous firms framework of Melitz(2003),and the theoretical model of the impact of trade liberalization on the domestic value-added of firms is established.The second section,based on the simple theoretical framework of Kee and Tang(2016),deduces the theoretical influence of trade liberalization on the domestic value-added of firms.The third chapter refers to Kee and Tang(2016),and make use of the Chinese Industrial Business Performance Data and the Chinese Customs Data to estimate the export domestic value-added of China's firms,and introduces the heterogeneity characteristic facts in the firm level and industry level.The first section is based on Kee and Tang(2016),and further elaborates the theoretical framework for estimating the value added value of firms.The second section uses the Chinese Customs Data and the Chinese Industrial Business Performance Data to show the estimated results of Chinese firms' export value added in 2000-2006.The third section shows the value-added and value-added trend of domestic exports in various industries over time,as well as the characteristics of heterogeneous firms and the characteristic of export value added.The fourth chapter empirically studies the effect of the liberalization of the final product on the export domestic added-value of Chinese firms through the difference-in-difference method.The first section describes the data processing,the measurement of variables and the setting of measurement models.The second section uses the difference-in-difference method to estimate the effect and to explore the role of the minimum wage.The third section studies the effects of heterogeneous firm characteristics.The forth section makes the robustness test of difference-in-difference method from multiple aspects.The fifth chapter empirically examines the impact of the trade liberalization of intermediate products on the export domestic value-added of firms by using the difference-in-difference method.The first section introduces the data processing,variable measurement and measurement model settings;the second section uses the difference-in-difference method to estimate and to examines the role of the minimum wage;the third section examines the effect of heterogeneous characteristics of firms;The forth section makes the robustness test of difference-in-difference method from multiple aspects.The sixth chapter uses the difference-in-difference method to empirically study the impact of the uncertainty of trade policy on the export domestic value-added.The first section describes the data processing,variable measurement and measurement model set;the second section uses the difference-in-difference method to estimate and to do the robustness test difference-in-difference method;the third section examines the effect of heterogeneous characteristics of firms;The forth section makes the robustness test of empirical results.The seventh chapter expounds the main theoretical and empirical results,gives some relevant countermeasures and suggestions,as well as makes an exploration of the future research directions.The main conclusions of this dissertation are:Firstly,this dissertation constructs a theoretical model of the impact of trade liberalization on the export domestic value-added of firms from two aspects.It shows that the liberalization of the final product trade will increase the domestic value-added,while the trade liberalization of intermediates and the uncertainty of the trade policy will reduce the export domestic value-added of firms.This depends largely on how they affect the prices of domestic and imported intermediate goods.Secondly,based on the export domestic value-added of firms as estimated by Kee and Tang(2016),the export domestic value-added of Chinese firms is rising and robust.Among them,the export domestic value-added of non-processing firms is larger than that of processing firms.The export domestic value-added in most industries also increases.Heterogeneous business characteristics are correlated with the export domestic value-added of firms:high-productivity firms,private-owned firms,high-aged firms,western region firms and large-scale enterprises have the highest export domestic value-added.Thirdly,the liberalization of the final product trade has significantly increased the export domestic value-added of firms,and this conclusion is still robust after the addition of other different control variables.In addition,the higher the minimum wage is,the greater the impact of the liberalization of the final product trade on the export domestic value-added ratio of Chinese firms,in other words,the effect of the minimum wage on the liberalization of the final product trade has been strengthened.In addition,the impact of liberalization of final product trade on the export domestic value-added is heterogeneous.Fourthly,the trade liberalization of intermediates significantly reduces the domestic value-added of firms,and the results are robust.In addition,the higher the minimum wage,the greater the impact of the trade liberalization of the intermediate trade on the domestic value-added of firms.In addition,the effect of the trade liberalization of the final goods on the domestic value-added of firms is heterogeneous.Fifthly,the higher the uncertainty of trade policy before China's accession to the WTO,the relatively small increase in the domestic value-added;According to the single-industry firms,non-surviving firms,foreign-funded firms,low-tech firms under the group,the uncertainty of trade policy is still has a significant impact on the domestic value-added of firms.Under the grouping of multi-industries firms,surviving firms,state-owned firms,private firms,processing trade firms and high-tech firms,the uncertainty of trade policy does not affect the domestic value-added of firms significantly;The uncertainty of trade policy has no significant effect on firms that have not been exported before or those that have been exported to the United States;These results remained robust after other tests of the difference-in-difference method and after considering the export volumes in the firm level or in the industry level. |
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