| The modern Cooperative Movement was originated in the West,but to some extent it has relation with traditional Chinese culture.At the beginning of the 19 th century,the British utopian socialists first put forward the idea of Cooperative and carried out some practical explorations.The development of cooperative,from the foundation of the Consumers' Cooperative by Rochdale in 1844 to now,has lasted for more than one and a half centuries.In this long and historical course,masters of proletarian revolution such as Karl Marx,Engels,Lenin,and so forth had deeply studied the theories and practice of cooperative and brought forward many important thoughts and judgments,which then became the scientific guideline of the development of cooperative.At the start of the 20 th century,while the crisis of Chinese nation was increasingly deepened,cooperative thought was introduced into China as one of the ‘salvation' theories.Many kinds of political powers and social organizations had,though with different aims,tried to establish cooperatives of different forms,and gained much experience in theory and practice.Since its date of birth,the Chinese Communist Party has taken the development of cooperatives as an important measure to solve China's social problems,especially the rural problems.In September of 1922,Mao Zedong participated in establishing the Consumers' cooperative of An Yuan railways and mines workers—the first cooperative led by the CCP.From then on,the seeds of cooperative had taken root and sprouted in each revolutionary base area.Among them,Consumers' Cooperative of the Central Soviet Area and South Area Cooperative of the Shangxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Areas were typical representatives,which is also prototype of the supply and marketing cooperative.At the very beginning of the foundation of the People's Republic of China,the Government Administration Council has set up its direct agency—the Administration Bureau of Central Cooperative Business to manage the cooperative affairs of theentire nation.In July of 1950,the All-China Federation of Cooperatives was founded to uniformly lead all nation's supply and marketing,consumption,handicrafts and other specific affairs of cooperatives.In July of 1954,the All-China Federation of Cooperatives officially changed its name to the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives.The establishment of the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives marked that China's cooperative business stepped into a new historical development era,that supply and marketing cooperatives highly raised the flag of “serving for agricultural production and farmers' life”.Since then,over the past 60 years and more,the supply and marketing cooperatives have gone through an extraordinary journey,made brilliant achievements and suffered many setbacks.The supply and marketing cooperatives were born flourished on the basis of agriculture.They rooted in rural areas,were close to farmers,They played an important role in restoring and developing agriculture,completing the socialist transformation of agriculture,and guiding hundreds of millions of farmers to take the socialist road.Due to the impact of the “leftist” ideas,the nature of the supply and marketing cooperatives changed several times and their managerial setups were also repeatedly dismantled or merged,however,the cooperatives' mission of servicing for agricultural production and farmers has never changed.Even when interfered by the overall“leftist” mistakes such as “the Cultural Revolution”,the vast cadres and staffs of the supply and marketing cooperatives stuck still to their posts,making numerous work for stabilizing agriculture and developing production.In the new era of the reform and open-up,the supply and marketing cooperatives system had been reformed,and many achievement had been made.However,on account of the restraints of the “leftist”ideas and the restrictions of institutional mechanisms,the vast rural supply and marketing cooperatives encountered management predicaments in the 90 s or so.In the middle of the 90 s,with the common struggle of all sectors of society,the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives was rebuilt,the supply and marketing cooperatives system regained their vigor and vitality in the process of deepening reform.In 2014,General Secretary Xi Jinping gave important instructions on the work of supply and marketing cooperatives,emphasizing that under the newhistorical conditions,supply and marketing cooperatives should continue to be well run,and that new forces and comprehensive platforms should be built to serve farmers' production and life should be accelerated.This important instruction provides a guide for the reform and development of supply and marketing cooperatives in the new era.The retrospect of history is to sum up experience and guide the future.This dissertation seeks to sort out the development historical course of rural supply and marketing cooperatives after the foundation of new China.The main points are to research the high-level's recognition and policy-making progress of the supply and marketing cooperatives,the implementing progress of policies at the grass-roots and different feedbacks of the grass-roots;to analyze the underlying reasons of the supply and marketing cooperatives' developments and changes;to aim at providing references and experiences of the present proceeding reforms of supply and marketing institution.The introduction part is to mainly introduce the reason and meaning of the research,the research review,definitions of core concepts,the research methodology,creative and difficult points of this research.The first chapter is to review the historical origin and evolution of the cooperative thought,especially focusing on the formation and development of marxist cooperative thought;to summarize the historical progress of the CCP's leading of the supply and marketing cooperatives before the foundation of the PRC,drawing the outline of the historical path of the supply and marketing cooperatives' occurrence and development.The second chapter is to mainly research the political-economical motives why the Party and nation prioritized the supply and marketing cooperatives at the beginning of new China;to study the evolution and establishment process of development policy of supply and marketing cooperatives;to study the concrete steps and implementation process of the unconventional development of supply and marketing cooperatives.The third chapter is to mainly research the specific practice and remarkable achievements of the supply and marketing cooperatives system after the general routeof the transition period was put forward;to explore the concrete process of rural private commercial transformation led by supply and marketing cooperatives.The fourth chapter is to explore the progress and origin of the changes of the supply and marketing cooperatives' ownership during the “Great Leap Forward”;to research the actual impact when supply and marketing cooperatives were decentralized into the people's commune "supply and Marketing Department" after the rise of the people's commune movement;to study the decision-making process and practical effects of the central government in restoring rural supply and marketing cooperatives.The fifth chapter is to study the serious losses caused by the cultural revolution to the supply and marketing cooperatives;to discuss the important role of rural supply and marketing cooperatives in stabilizing agricultural production during the cultural revolution.The sixth chapter is to explore the concrete process and practical effect of the deepening reform of supply and marketing cooperatives in the 1980s;to make an overall evaluation of the reform of supply and marketing cooperatives in the 1980 s.The seventh chapter is to explore the specific reasons why rural supply and marketing cooperatives fell into operational difficulties in the 1990s;to study the historical process of supply and marketing cooperation system getting rid of predicament.The eighth chapter is to make an overall evaluation of the history of rural supply and marketing cooperatives;to summarize the main experience of the development of supply and marketing cooperatives led by the party. |
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