| In recent years,all kinds of unexpected emergency events have been happening frequently all over the word,especially in China,the country in the important transition period.,and also have emerged a series of new rules and features compared with the past.Thses events have brought out significant damages to people's lives,properties and social security and stability.As for emergency managers,efficient decision-making is the key to addressing such events.Faced with the limited information-handling capacity of such emergencies,decision-makers try to balance the expectations of choosing accurately among different options and the reduction of the cognitive strain of the given decision.It is unavoidable for decision makers to make a series of irrational decisions,such as framing effects.Framing effects,as typical cognitive bias,is derived from the study of the 'Asian disease problem' by Tversky and Kahneman.Lots of researchers foucesd on this effects in many research fields.The existence of framing effect can cause the decision result being influenced by the description form of information,making the individuals make irrational decision and judgmentFraming effect refers to the different risk preferences of individuals in the same decision-making task described in different forms.Many studies had shown that decision makers in the emergency decision were affected by framing effect.However,by combing these literature,we found that the current related research is still mainly concentrated in given participants high time pressure and used pictures,movie clips to induce negative emotions to simulate emergency situations.However,these research had some limitations in simulate emergency situation.In addition,from the point of transverse,the current research is still mainly focus on the emotional of decision makers,but had pay little attention on the cognitive characteristics,the decision of the other members of the group when make decision.Based on this,this study used several independent research combined the virtual emergency environment experiment platform development by our team,and some psychological scales.According to these methods,we did some research on the anxiety emotion,EEG signal,need for cognition and group influence simulated by the emergency situation which were ingroned by previous study.Specifically,study 1 uses two experiments to test the different level of anxiety and EEG power of the decision makers aroused by different situation(emergency Vs.nonemergency),and the effects of anxiety and EEG power of decision makers in particular emergency situation decision on framing effects.Secondly,study 2 further investigates one of the features of cognitive-need for cognition and the interaction of the anxiety aroused by the situation on risky decision-making and framing effects.Finally,based on the research of study 2,study 3 focused on the influence of group influence on framing effects.Through the above experimental studies,we come to the following main conclusions:(1)We find that compared with the nonemergency situation,the emergency situation causes high arousal of anxiety and physiology reaction EEG power of decision makers.Also,anxious arousal and EEG power has a positive correlation relationship.Anxiety and EEG power of high arousal have negative correlation with the framing effects in risky decision,which also suggests that the high level of anxiety and EEG power induce by the emergency situation can alleviate the framing effects of decisions to some extend.(2)We find that the participants with low need for cognition are more likely to be affected by the anxiety in the risky decision making,and they were more likely to choose risk aversion in the high anxiety state.The participants with high need for cognition are less affected by anxiety.Need for cognition can significantly adjust the framing effects of participants in risky decision making.Specifically,high level of need for cognition participants are less affected by framing effect,low level of need for cognition of participants are more easily affected by framing effect.The three interactions of anxiety,need for cognition and message framing in risky decision-making are significant.To be specific,the interaction between need for cognition and message framing is significant in low level of anxiety.Under the condition of high level of anxiety,the interaction between need for cognition and message framing is not significant.The meaning of these results is that need for cognition may regulate decision makers' risky decision-making and framing effects.And also,need for cognition palys a role in the mediation of anxiety on framing effects.(3)The results show that there is no significant difference between the two types of situations.Through the analysis of all the data,we find that in emergency situation,the framing effects in risky decision is higher than that of nonemergency situation.The framing effect of decision-maker with group influence in emergency situation is higher than that of non-group influence.In emergency situation,decision-makers with high need for cognition are less affected by the group influence in risk decision-making,while the decision-makers with low need for cognition are more affected by the group influence.In emergency situation,the interaction between need for cognition and group influence on framing effect is significant.In the high level of need for cognition group,the group influence has no significant regulating effect on the framing effect;In the group with low level of need for cogniton,the group influence has a significant regulating effect on the framing effect.The innovation points of this paper are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)Based on our research contents,this paper designs and develops a virtual emergency environment experiment platform,compared with the previous study,achieveas better simulation on the emergency situation.Also,this paper fcombines the emergency situation and decision problems in the framing effect research field for the first time,and realizes real-time collects physiological and behavioral decision data.The experimental process is easy to control and reproduce,which greatly expands the research methods of behavioral decision-making in emergency situations.(2)This study measures the EEG signals in group level for the first time.Previous study of framing neural mechanisms were enslaved to the instrument was too little,and the port of instrument is not open to the public,participants can only one by one to participate in the experiment,and separately collected EEG signals,which is largely increased the uncontrollable variables in the process of experiment.In this study,we used the group electroencephalograph jointly developed by the project team and relevant research institutions and enterprises to overcome this problem.At the same time,based on the particularity of electrical research,this article also put forward the concept of electrical power for the innovative midbrain electrical signals to further reveals the emergency situation and the correlation of anxiety,electrical power and message framing interaction in risk decision.(3)This study further expands the research content of framing effect under emergency events.Pdevious research on framing effect under emergency research have focused on emotion of individuals.This study investigates the cognitive characteristics of policymakers-need for cognition and decision-making within the group one of the other members of the group decision results-group influence of risk decision-making and decision makers researches on the regulation of framing effect.At the same time,we also investigate the interaction between these variables on the regulation of framing effectIn general,this paper researches and discusses on framing effects in risky decision making,and uses different research to explore the impacts of anxiety,EEG power,need for cognition and group influence of decision makers on framing effects.Our study makes a new attempt on research methods.together,and expands the topic of study of framing effects in emergency situation,which has strong theoretical significance and innovation. |
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