| Rice production confronts many issues in rural household Cambodia including lack of irrigation infrastructure,lack of capital,low technology,low market price,lack of new variety,the small landholding of agriculture and many other social factors.Thus,this study purposes at four specific as follow:(1)to explore household expenditure farmers,using the Extended Linear Expenditure(ELES)model,(2)to analyze household food consumption in rural Cambodia,using the Almost Ideal Demand System(AIDS)model,(3)to determine the factors influencing rice production,using Cobb-Douglas production and cost Production function,(4)to identify the constraints and challenges the production to increase rice yield and household income.The data analyzed in this study was obtained through a household survey conducted from the three stated provinces in Cambodia.Random sampling was done through which 240 farmer households were randomly selected.The data collection has covered several aspects of the rural farmers encompassing household conditions,income from farming,daily expenditure,inputs of rice production,and agricultural technology information.The data collection was preceded by contacting the local authorities(chiefs of the ward,commune,and village)and then conducting a face-to-face interview with farming households and stakeholders.The result illustrated that the residential expenditure of household farmers such as food,health,education,clothes,housing,transportation,fuel,and equipment was significant at 1% level.When a 1% increase of price would increase 0.058%,0.013%,0.018%,0.012%,0.019%,0.006%,0.012% and 0.013% for food,health,education,clothes,housing,transportation,fuel and equipment respectively.Similarly,rice,maize,potato,eggs,vegetables,meat,fruit,and beverage were significant for household food consumption in rural Cambodia.While food commodities elasticities were 0.750,0.824,0.731,0.608,0.916,1.082,1.214 and 2.284 for rice,maize,potato,egg,vegetables,meat,fruits and beverages,respectively.When income level increases one percentage would increase demand expenditure of food items by 0.75,0.73,0.60,0.91,1.08,1.21,and 2.28 for rice,maize,potato,egg,vegetables,meat,fruits,and beverages,respectively.For the rice production,the result demonstrated that seed,fertilizer,herbicides,hired household labor;the age of household head,and income off-farm job was significant with the rice output in the wet season.If a 1% increase input of seed,fertilizer,herbicides,hired labor,age of household head,family size and income off the job would increase the rice output by 0.07%,0.25%,0.04%,0.11%,-0.08%,0.05% and 0.04% for seed,fertilizer,herbicides,hired labor,age of household head,family size and income off the job,respectively.For the rice in the dry season,seed,fertilizer,pesticides,irrigation,household labor,hired labor,transportation,age of household head;household size and income off-farm were the main significant affecting the rice yield.When a 1% increase input of seed,fertilizer,pesticides,irrigation,household labor,hired labor,transportation,age of household head,household size and income off job will increase the rice output by 0.69%,0.17%,0.51%,0.08%,0.09%,0.04%,0.76%,-0.05%,0.21%,and 0.41% respectively.Moreover,the cost inputs in the wet season paddy of the tillering,poplar,milk and drought stage of rice growth are were significant with the output.Cost input in the tillering stage was significant at a 1% level,while the poplar,mike,and drought stage were significant at a 5% level.On the other hand,the cost input in dry season paddy was illustrated that seedling,jointing and booting stage depicted in positives impact on rice output.Besides,constraints of the rice production are included biotic,abiotic and socioeconomic constraints.The biotic constraint was separated into three categories namely: weed,disease/insects and rodents.Weed constraint is a major constraint factor to influence rice production,while disease/insects have medium constraints and rodents are low constraint factors.Abiotic constraints are related to weather conditions or natural phenomena.It is according to the occurrence rate and damage of drought,flood,soil erosion,cold weather,soil quality,and heat stress.The medium was influenced by abiotic constraints are included heat stress,poor soil quality,and drought and low constraint factors are floodings,soil erosion,and cold weather.Socioeconomic constraints are related to the high cost and unattainability or difficulties to access critical factors to rice production.The market constraint and agrochemical cost constraint are highly affected by production and other factors including credit cost,seed cost,labor cost,fertilizer cost,mechanization cost,transportation cost,and road facilities are medium constraint factors.Therefore,the study suggests strengthening rice production and productivities should be concentrated with the deliberation of rural farming in Cambodia.To understand what constraints and challenges increment rice production to set up policies effectiveness to support production growth. |
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