| The purpose of this study was to assess how supervisory styles, supervisory working alliance, and supervisor behaviors impact on the development of counseling self-efficacy during the practicum experience. Participants completed instruments related to demographic characteristics, supervisory style (Supervisory Style Inventory-Trainee), supervisor working alliance (Supervisor Working Alliance Inventory-Trainee), supervisor behaviors (Modified-Clinical Supervision Questionnaire ), and counseling self-efficacy (Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory). Using path type models and multiple regression, this study showed that supervision components as a group (i.e., supervisory styles, supervisory working alliance, supervisory behaviors) are predictive of counseling selfefficacy at mid-semester and the end of supervision. Use of repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed statistically significant increases in counseling self-efficacy throughout the course of practicum and that incremental increases (i.e., Time One to Time Two; Time Two to Time Three) were also statistically significant. Earlier studies on supervisory styles, supervisor working alliance, supervisor behaviors, and counseling self-efficacy are discussed as well as implications for training and supervision. Future research recommendations on supervision, counseling self-efficacy, and supervision models are also provided. |
